【作者】 苏毅；

【导师】 曾坚；

【作者基本信息】 天津大学 ， 城市规划与设计， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 城市设计中的造型,是一项设计师用“图形”语言来传达对未来城市物质空间组织安排设想的必不可少的工作。现实中的城市设计造型常遵循简单、清晰、自上而下的原则,强调中心、格网、轴线、等级制和显性秩序,但城市本身是复杂的,这种机械式城市造型方法,可能是导致新建城市缺乏活力的原因之一。可持续发展城市设计需要一种倡导生机、多样性、复杂性、平等和隐含秩序的新的形态。事实上,不少传统城市即具有优美且合理的自然形式,而当代许多建筑师也在城市自然造型方面进行了尝试,产生出“多纤维城市”等新颖的设计作品,也形成了“拼贴”、“叠合”、“句法生成”等设计手法。关联参数化设计方法,可能对自然造型的发展可能会产生深远的影响:“参数化设计”方法是由盖里和格雷姆肖等建筑师,于1990年代引进建筑行业的,对它的理解可分为两层:第一层是绘制复杂形体的计算机技术;第二层是面对复杂现象的设计思想。本文结合具体案例,详细说明了如何用数字化设计方法,来对三种因素造型。这三种因素分别是:“城市所在的天然环境”、“建筑师的艺术创造”和“居民个性化选择”。本文可分为三个部分:第一部分是关于城市的自然形态的研究,以及自然形态城市设计实践的总结,包括第1、2、3、4章。第1章《研究背景、意义、对象、框架和创新性》对“城市形态”、“自然形态”和“参数化设计”等概念进行说明,探讨了文章的理论和现实意义等;第2章《城市形态学方面的理论综述》对前人在城市形态方面的研究进行了总结和分析。第3章《城市设计中的自然形态及其来源》分从区域至节点的不同尺度,对当代自然形城市设计思潮、设计手法和设计作品做了分析和总结;第4章《传统城市中的自然形》探讨传统城市的自然形的特点和形成的原因:如中世纪基督教城市、伊斯兰城市和中国传统城市的自然形等。第二部分是针对参数化设计设计技术的研究,包括第5、6章。第5章《城市自然形设计的几何基础》,这一章探讨城市自然造型的几何基础,包括微分曲面、拓扑几何和分形几何的应用等;第6章《(关联)参数化方法》,这一章包括参数化设计的研究综述,参数化设计思想的演变,“参数化软件生态圈”的概念,各类参数化软件等内容。第三部分是探讨如何用参数化设计方法来解决自然形城市设计中的具体问题,包括第7、8、9、10章。第7章《传统设计方式与参数化设计方式的结合》是讲解如何在参数化绘图软件中利用草图,如何将复杂曲面模型数字化。第8章《结合地形的城市设计及地形数字化表达与分析》讲解如何表达和处理城市三维地形,并用青岛理工大学校园高程设计为例讲解如何利用GIS软件辅助城市设计中的自然形的地形设计。第9章《基于分析和模拟的城市自然形优化》如何用分析和模拟软件研究城市交通、环境等各方面的自然规律,如何使城市设计自然顺应于广大市民的需求等等,并用Holcim竞赛方案讲解分析和模拟软件在自然形城市中的应用方法和问题。第10章《居民参与社区的自然造型》讲解如何采用Catia等软件,按照居民互有差别的愿望进行自然造型,以映秀镇民居重建竞赛为例。前面四个例子中,在设计方法、过程、采用的软件等方面有较多的不同。城市自然形的参数化设计“有法而无定法”。需要建筑师举一反三、根据实际问题的需要重新拟定准确可靠的设计方法和步骤。参数化设计方法辅助下的自然形城市设计,有希望使未来城市更优雅、更经济而更人性化。更多还原

【Abstract】 Urban design is an indispensible task to express the architect’s envisage for the organization of future city’s material space in“graphic”language. Modeling in real life often follows the principles such as simplicity, regularity, and top-down order, and emphases center, grid, axis, the order of hierarchy and dominance; which underestimate the complexity of human settlements and contribute debility in artificial cities. Sustainable city design thus needs a new modeling method, which cherishes vitality, diversity, complexity, equality and implication.Some traditional towns have shown us form both reasonable and elegant. Some contemporary architects have also tried to model in more natural manner. Design works such as“fiber city”have emerged, as well as design methods“collage”,“multi-layers-composite”, and“syntactic generation”.Associative parametric design, which was introduced to architecture by Frank O. Gehry and Nicholas Grimshaw in 1990s, may present far-reaching consequences to natural urban modeling. There are two layers of understanding, which separately are computer technique to draw complex shape, and design philosophy for complexity phenomena.The dissertation narrates how to give form to 3 main factors:“nature environment in city’s cite”,“architect’s artistic creation”and“resident’s mass customized choices”with four examples. The dissertation may be divided into 3 parts:The first part is a summary on natural form urban design theory research and practice, which includes 4 chapters:In chapter 1“research background, the significance of objects, the framework and innovative”, Definitions of multiple concepts as“urban form”,“natural form”, and“parametric design”, as well as the research’s theoretic and practical meaning, have been given.In chapter 2 "Urban morphological theory of round-up" , the predecessors in the urban form of research were summarized and analyzed.In chapter 3“Natural form in urban design and its source”, concepts, skills, and practices of natural design with various scales have been analysed and summarized.In chapter 4“the traditional natural-shaped city”, characters and formations of various traditional natural-shaped settlements have been discussed, which are separately medieval Christian city, the Islamic city, traditional Chinese city, etc.The second part is on the theory of parametric design, including the first chapter 5, 6. Chapter 5“geometric basis of natural-shaped city design”is to explore the geometry base of city form, including methods based on differential geometry, fractal geometry, and topology geometry,etc. Chapter 6“(associative) parametric design”is a research summary for parametric design, about parametric philosophy’s evolution, concepts of“software ecosphere of (associative) parametric design”, and various software.The third part is on how to solve special problems in natural city design, including chapter 7, 8,9, and 10.Chapter 7“combination of traditional and parametric design method”narrates how to use digital sketch, and how to digitize complex curvilinear handicraft model.Chapter 8“digital expression and analysis of natural terrain and relative design method”discusses how to express and treat 3 dimension terrain of the city. With the height design of Qingdao Science and Technology University as an example, the chapter discusses the application of geometry information system software in natural terrain design.Chapter 9“urban natural form optimization based on computed simulation and analysis”studies how to explore natural rules of urban communication, environment, etc. Practical methods are studied in Holcim design project.Chapter 10“natural shape of public participant community”discusses how to shape the form of a community with mass different opinions, it takes vernacular dwelling redevelopment design competition of Yingxiu Town as an example.These four cases, are quite different in design methods, processes, as well as software, which may have shown that the natural-shaped urban design“has law but no fixed law”. Architects need to learn by analogy, adjust the methods and processes in accordance with practical problems.Natural shape of urban design supported by parametric design method, may give architects the possibility to make future city more elegant, more economical and more humane.更多还原