论网络表达自由

【作者】 黄惟勤；

【导师】 吴新平；

【作者基本信息】 中国社会科学院研究生院 ， 法学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 互联网的飞速发展与经济的全球化趋势,使地球成为了融为一体的地球村,使世界各国人民更能无距离地在互联网上进行交流和沟通,表达自己的思想观点;利用互联网交流思想,向政府提供各种意见。互联网为人们提供了更便捷、更快速和更多样的表达方式,这就为表达自由的实现提供了更便捷的途径,同时也为表达自由的保护提出了新的课题。本论文的目的,就是试图探索如何在我国法治建设的进程中适应网络时代表达自由保护的特点,既要依法充分保护公民个人的表达自由,又要在保护表达自由的同时注意维护全体人民的根本利益。我国关于表达自由保护的有关专门法律,目前主要有《游行示威法》、《出版法》等法律。这些法律基本上都属于保护传统表达自由的法律。而在网络时代表达自由的保护方面,目前只有一些内部规范性文件。在网络时代表达自由的保护方面如何建立和健全有关制度和法律,是我国当前亟待研究和解决的重大理论和实践问题。本论文的研究,对于丰富我国宪法学关于表达自由的理论,适应网络时代表达自由保护的特点,建立和健全我国的有关制度和法律,具有重大的理论意义和现实意义。本论文第一章包括三个部分:第一节表达自由的权利属性。一、表达自由的确立;二、表达自由是一项基本人权。第二节表达自由的宪政价值。(一)形成和巩固民主制度;(二)保证权力制衡和强化政治监督;(三)培育公众的公民意识和社会责任意识;(四)营造思想宽容和政治多元化的制度空间;(五)实现人格独立和自治。第三节从若干案例看表达自由宪法保护的法律特征。一、焚烧国旗案中的表达自由;二、挪威的“羞示”案与表达自由的界限。第二章论述互联网的兴起与表达自由。第一节互联网的起源、发展及其信息传播特点。第二节互联网丰富和发展了表达自由的权利范畴。1、在网上发表评论、演说和其它各类作品的权利;2、制作网站,创建博客,使用微博、QQ群和群发电子邮件的自由;3、创办电子期刊和出版电子书籍或文集的自由;4、建立网络组织,实行网上集结,开放式征集网上意见并在网上向政府机关、企业事业组织和社会团体反映意见或提出意见、建议或抗议的权利。第三节互联网颠覆了传统的关于表达自由限制的理论。第三章论述网络表达自由的法律保护。第一节网络表达自由的国际法保护。第二节网络表达自由的国内法保护。一、国外对网络表达自由的法律保护的一般特征;二、美国网络立法的演变及司法对网络表达自由的保护;三、一些国家宪法法院判决中对网络表达自由的法?律保护。第三节网络表达自由的法律界限。一、表达自由法律界限的一般特征;二、对网络环境下表达自由的法律限制原则;三、网络环境下表达自由与相关权利冲突。第四章论述网络表达行为的法律规制。第一节法律规制的必要性和可能性。第二节网民行为的法律规制。一、“人肉搜索”与法律规制的必要性。(一)“人肉搜索”的概念和功能;(二)近年来若干有社会影响的“人肉搜索”案及其影响分析;(三)反“人肉搜索”第一案体现出的对法律规制的需求。二、“人肉搜索”的法律规制。(一)“人肉搜索”可能存在的侵权行为;(二)对“人肉搜索”进行法律规制目前存在的问题;(三)江苏省徐州市用立法禁止“人肉搜索”引发公众和网民争议;(四)“网络实名制”与“人肉搜索”自治规范。第三节网站行为的法律规制。一、网站在保障网络表达自由方面的作用;二、网站对于网民行为应当承担的法律责任;三、目前网站行为存在的违法和侵权现象及成因;四、对网站行为的法律规制的主要手段。第五章探讨我国对网络表达自由的保护问题。第一节我国保护网络表达自由的立法现状。一、我国保护表达自由的一般法律制度。二、我国有关网络表达自由的特殊法律规定。三、关于网络表达自由的国际法规范。第二节我国网络表达自由保护的问题及对策。一、立法方面的问题。二、行政管理方面的问题。三、司法方面的问。四、加强网络表达自由保护的几点对策。(一)应当进一步深化现行宪法第35条的规定,通过加强各种立法措施,来保障一般意义上的表达自由的充分和有效实现,为网络表达自由提供一个良好的制度空间。(二)网络表达自由的法律保护除了依靠保障表达自由的一般法律制度之外,还需要国家立法机关针对互联网的技术特点,及时出台保护网络表达自由的基本法律,或者是以互联网作为一个整体,及时出台保护网络环境下包括表达自由在内的各项法律权利。(三)有关网站和网民的网络表达行为的法律规制应以有关国际法规范为依据,并吸取各国有关网络行为法律规制的经验,尽快与国际通行做法接轨。特色与创新之处:拟在前人研究的基础上,分析、归纳、提炼出网络时代表达自由的时代特点,探索如何适应其时代特点进行有效保护的对策,研究传统表达自由与网络表达自由的冲突与融合,分析如何处理网络时代表达自由的保护与维护国家安全、公共利益和公民合法权益的平衡点,同时融合国际社会在网络时代保护表达自由的理念和经验,尝试建构我国保护表达自由的制度模式和法律体系,并在制度建构上注意与有关国际规则接轨。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development of Internet and economic globalization, the earth became integrated into the global village so that there is no distance for the world’s people in the Internet on the exchange and communication to communicate thinking and to express their ideas and views to the Government for their comments by the use of Internet.The Internet has provided people with more convenient, faster and more diverse means of expression. This not only provides a more convenient way to the realization of freedom of expression, but also raises new issues for the protection of freedom of expression.The purpose of this paper is to attempt to explore how the process of building the rule of law in our country adapts to the characteristics of the Internet age in protection of freedom of expression , it is necessary to fully protect freedom of expression of individual citizens according to the law , but also in the protection of freedom of expression, meanwhile bearing in mind to safeguard the fundamental interests of all the people .China’s ideas on freedom of expression relating to the protection of freedom of expression are stipulated in special laws, as the key of "Demonstrations Law" and "Publication Law" and other laws. These laws basically belong to category of laws related to the protection of traditional freedom of expression.In the Internet age ,in the aspect of protection of freedom of expression, there are only some internal rules and regulations. In the Internet age, how to establish and perfect the system and laws on the protection of freedom of expression, is the major theoretical and practical issue urgently necessary to be studied and resolved in our country. This paper studies, for the rich in our constitution on the theory of freedom of expression to adapt to the Internet Age to protect freedom of expression and the characteristics of establishing and perfecting the system and laws of our country, have important theoretical and practical significance. Basic elements are: On freedom of expression in the Internet. Chapter I, Introduction on Constitutional Protection of Freedom of Expression. Section I, the nature of freedom of expression. First, establishment of freedom of expression. Second, freedom of expression is a basic human right. Section II, the constitutional value of freedom of expression: (a) the formation and consolidation of democratic institutions; (b) to ensure the balance of powers and strengthening the political oversight; (c) incubation of public awareness of civic and social responsibility; (d) the fostering of ideas of tolerance and political pluralism system space; (e) to achieve personal independence and autonomy. Section III, from a number of cases to see the legal features of freedom of expression protected by the Constitution .Chapter II, the emergence of the Internet and freedom of expression. Section I, the Internet’s origins, development and dissemination of information characteristics. Section II, the Internet has enriched and developed the scope of the right to freedom of expression: (a) right to In-line comments, speeches and other types of work; (b) freedom of production site, creating a blog, using micro-Bo, QQ groups and mass e-mail; (c) freedom of establishment of an electronic journals and publishing e-books or Collected Works; (e) right to the establishment of networks and implementing the assembly line, open-ended comments collected online and on the Internet to government agencies, enterprises, institutions and social organizations to reflect their views or make comments, suggestions or the right to protest. Section III, the Internet has subverted the traditional restrictions on freedom of expression theory. Chapter III, legal protection of freedom of expression in the Internet. Section I, freedom of expression in the Internet under the protection of international law. Section II, freedom of expression in the Internet under the domestic law. Section III, legal boundaries to freedom of expression in the Internet. Chapter IV, legal regulation to action of expression in the Internet. Section I, conception of legal regulation and its possibility and necessity. Section II, legal regulation of users. First, the "human flesh search" and the need for legal regulation. (a) the concept and function of "human flesh search"; (b) in recent years a number of "human flesh search" cases and analysis of their effects on society; (c)the first anti-"human flesh search" case reflects the demand for legal regulation. Second, the legal regulation of "human flesh search".(a) possible infringement in" human flesh search"; (b) the existing problems of legal regulation of the "human flesh search "; (c) Xuzhou, Jiangsu province with legislation to ban "human flesh search" leads the public and users controversy; (d) "real name" and self -rule in "human flesh search". Section III, legal regulation of the website. (a) the role of the website in the support of freedom of expression in the Internet; (b)the website for Internet users conduct should bear the legal responsibility; (c)the current law-violations and the causes of the website; (d) principal means of the legal regulation of the Website behavior . Chapter V, protection of freedom of expression in the Internet in China. Section I, legislative situation of protection of freedom of expression in the Internet. First, our Constitution, laws and regulations on the general legal protection of freedom of expression :(a) The existing provision of the Constitution; (b) the existing provision of laws and regulations; (c) legal measures of the Constitution, laws and regulations by providing for a corresponding system of safeguards to protect the realization of freedom of expression. Second, the special legal provisions of freedom of expression in the Internet. (a) under the premise of complying with legal requirements, you can enjoy freedom of expression in the Internet. (b) the exercise of freedom of expression in the Internet must be subject to more stringent legal regulation. (c) if in the network environment not appropriate under the law or the exercise of freedom of expression against the law, it shall bear the corresponding legal responsibility. Third, international conventions or norms of international law should be observed with regard to freedom of expression on the internet. (a) "Universal Declaration of Human Rights"; (b) " the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights "; (c) " the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights." Section II, the issues of legal protection of freedom of expression in the Internet. First, the legislative issues of protection of freedom of expression in the Internet. Second, the issues of administrative protection of freedom of expression in the Internet: (a) the plight of recovery after individuals registered domain name was cancelled; (b) "green dam" software subject to various aspects of negative assessment and resistance; (c) Radio and Television Administration shut down 111 illegal audio-visual program service sites ,which was suspected of excessive restrictions on freedom of expression on the internet. Third, the issues of judicial protection of freedom of expression in the Internet: (a) an insult to the county party secretary by SMS text; (b)Wang Shuai events in Henan province; (c) the case of administrative punishment of Press website because of slogan of“Filling the Olympic Games”. Fourth, a number of measures of strengthening legal protection of freedom of expression in the Internet. First, it is necessary to further deepen the existing provisions of Section 35 of the Constitution, through the strengthening of legislative measures to protect freedom of expression in a general sense of the full and effective implementation of freedom of expression for the network to provide a good system space. Second, in addition to relying on general legal regime, it is also necessary for the state legislature to protect freedom of expression in the Internet based on the Internet’s technical features, timely in adoption of basic law of protection of freedom of expression in the Internet , or as a whole, timely in adoption of the legal rights including freedom of expression in the Internet. Third, legal regulation of expression of the website and users of the network should be based on the norms of international law, and absorb the legal regulation on network behavior of the experience in other countries, as soon as possible with international practice.Features and innovations:The author proposed ,on the basis of previous studies, analysis, draw conclusions, to extract the characteristics of freedom of expression in network era , to explore effective protection measures how to adapt to the characteristics of its era , to study conflict and fusion between traditional freedom of expression and freedom of expression on the internet ,and to analyze how to deal with the equilibrium point in the protection of freedom of expression and maintenance of national security, public interests and the legitimate rights and interests of citizens in the Internet age.At the same time, based on integration of ideas and experiences in the international community to protect freedom of expression in the Internet Age, I try to construct a system pattern and the legal system of China’s protection of freedom of expression, and to build on the attention of the system with relevant international rules.更多还原