【作者】 于东新；

【导师】 刘崇德；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 金词与南宋词并行发展,共同构成了十二至十三世纪词学史发展的两大主线。金词是北宋词在女真王朝的继续发展,二者相较,虽然在题材、体制、风格及表现手法等方面,金词对北宋词有着十分清晰的接受和继承的痕迹,但金词不是北宋词在金国大地上的机械照搬,它是北宋词的新变和突破。金王朝是一个由白山黑水而据有华夏中原的政权,在其统治区域内杂居着女真、汉、契丹、渤海、奚等多个民族,故多民族文化的碰撞、融合是金词生长的文化土壤。因而,金词创作主体呈现出鲜明的群体性和民族性的特征,即金词的特质与成就是由汉族词人群体与少数民族词人群体等两大群体共同打造的。具体的,汉族词人群的创作则体现出清晰的阶段性演进特征,即从金初由宋入金词人群创作的蕴“南臣”之悲,承东坡浩气,金中叶“大定明昌”词人群的骚人之气,风雅之韵,到金末“南渡”词人群的壮士襟怀、清切俊爽,再到金亡“遗民”词人群的孤臣遗民之感、豪迈疏逸之格,四个阶段同源异体,现出汉族词人群对金词风骨气韵形成的重要贡献。作为汉族词人群的别一宗,全真道士词人群的“道士词”则与“文人词”面貌迥异,其别样的特质尤值得深思。与之同地共时的少数民族词人群体创作,则在清劲亢爽、雄放磊落的主调之外,又有不同民族的个性色彩,如女真皇族词人的“华实相扶,骨力遒上”、渤海词人王庭筠的萧散寂寥、契丹词家耶律氏父子的幻灭意识以及鲜卑裔词人元遗山“亦浑雅,亦博大;有骨干,有气象”——刚健与婀娜并流合一的风格倾向,使得金源词坛丰富多彩,气象非凡。总之,与北宋词相比,金词开拓了词文学的规模,拓展了想象的空间和文体表达方式。同时,由于金词的存在,词学的地域范围第一次向北延伸拓展,词学从此不再是汉民族汉文学的专有物,它具有了中华多民族文学的品质。探究其中的原因,词文学向来不是在象牙塔中自我生长的文学形式,它是中华文化发展到某一阶段的产物。所以研究金词的质地、成就、地位及影响,必须站在政治、民族、地域等生成金词的多元文化环境去考察。以此为出发点,本文采用宏观考察和微观透视相结合的研究方法,通过对金源汉族词人群体,以及由女真、渤海、契丹、鲜卑等民族词家组成的少数民族词人群体创作面貌的全面观照和分析,认为:词至北宋已臻大成,但它在变得精雅严密的同时,也日益模式化,甚至僵化了。就在这时,女真等民族文化以一种雄浑质朴之气,习染劲猛蹈厉之俗,给词体输入了新鲜的、甚至异质的新因素,冲破了词学传统中过多的“文化层积”,词文学在转型的同时也获得了新的生机和活力。这是因为“质地互异的文化间的撞击融合,使双方的发展方向和轨迹,都在调适中出现一定的偏离度。少数民族文化的价值、信仰和审美等因素可能会改变中原民族文化原来存在的发展轨迹和状态,使之发现某种‘有偏斜度的超越’”。(杨义语)反映到金词上,就是在胡汉民族文化撞击、融合的影响下,词在俗化和雅化的纠缠和摇摆中、在婉丽与豪健的矛盾交织中前进,最终词体发生“有偏斜度的超越”,向俚俗的、刚健的曲文学靠拢,词曲地位彼此消长,词之姐妹——曲体大兴。由是中国文学史漫长的雅文学传统被改变,叙事的、通俗的、大众的文学渐成文坛的主流。另一方面,表现在地理形态上,代表汉文化的南方文化和代表少数民族文化的北国文化碰撞交汇,也是金词风格体制形成的动力之一。词是一种地域文学的样式,其初起阶段就打着鲜明的江南地区的地理人文色彩。北宋词虽生长于中原地区,然南国色彩、婉丽之质依然是词之正体,苏轼等清雄伉爽之词则被视为别调。迨至金源据有北宋中原之地,南北地域文化碰撞交汇,“苏学行于北”,“东坡体”大行其道,金词的题材内容、风格气韵遂打上了清晰的北地文化的烙印。具体表现就是题材上多书写雪山朔气、大漠长风的北国地域风情,以及北国文化刚健豪迈气质,表现在词文学中就是“华实并茂,风骨遒上,绝胜江南之柔弱”(吴梅语)的气韵格调,以及审美上亦雅亦俗的两极趋向,这就使得金词与共时而存的南宋词面貌迥异,在词学史上独具自我面貌。更多还原

【Abstract】 Jin Ci develops concurrently with Southern Song Ci. They form the two main lines in Ci-poetic history from 12th to 13th century commonly. Based on Northern Song Ci, Jin Ci develops continuously in Nvzhen Dynasty. Compared with Northern Song Ci, on the aspects of theme materials, systems, styles, expression techniques, and so on, Jin Ci accepts and inherits Northern Song Ci obviously, but the former is not the direct imitations of the latter, conversely, it is the latter’s new-change and breakthrough. Jin Dynasty is a multi-national country, as a result, multi-national culture collision and fusion is the culture soil of Jin Ci growing-up. Therefore, the creation subjects of Jin Ci show the bright characteristics of group and nationality, namely, the characteristics and achievements of Jin Ci is made jointly by Han Ci–poetic group and minority ethnic Ci-poetic group. Specifically, the creation of the Han Ci-poetic group reflects clearly the stage evolution characteristics. That is, from the sadness of“ministers from the South”Ci and the awe-inspiring inherited from DongPo written by Song-Jin period Ci-poetic group, to literati’s temperament and elegant charming by“Da Ding”and“Ming Chang”Ci-poetic group in middle Jin Dynasty, to heroic bosom and fresh by“South Move”Ci-poetic group in end Jin, to the sigh and bold as well as generous style of lonely officials and adherents in the die-out period. All these four stages are homoeosis, all of which embody the Han Ci-poetic group’s important contributions to the formation of the Jin Ci’s style of vigor and flavor characters. Different from the Han Ci-poetic group, the works of QuanZhen Taoist Ci-poetic group owns especial particularity, which deserves deep study. At the same time and region, besides the melody of fresh and virility, the minority ethnic Ci-poetic group owns the personalities from various nationalities. For example, the refine with popular tastes of NvZhen Ci, rustle and lone of BoHai writers, disillusionment of Qidan writers and“both virility, elegance and extensive, both the key figure and temperament”of XianBei. Combining robust and grace makes Jin Ci colorful and extraordinary. All in all, compared with Northern Song Ci, Jin Ci enlarges the scale and the depth of Ci literature, and expands the imaginary space and expression means. Meanwhile, because of the Jin Ci, the geographic scope of the Ci-poetry is first extended northward, so, Ci-poetry is no longer the exclusiveness of Han, which has the Chinese multi-ethnic literary quality.Exploring the reason, the Ci literature isn’t the ego-grow one in an ivory tower, which is the certain stage production of Chinese culture. Consequently, for the study on texture, achievement, status and influence of Jin Ci, it is imperative to view those factors of forming Jin Ci, such as politics, ethnic and region, and so on, from a multicultural perspective, and to think them over under the special humanity history context in Jin period. Starting from this method, this paper using both micro and macro inspection methods, investigating and analyzing comprehensively creation panorama of the Han Ci-poetic group, NvZhen, BoHai, QiDan, XianBei minority ethnic Ci-poetic groups, holds the viewpoint that Ci has developed completely until Northern Song Dynasty. But, as it becomes delicate, it is also more patterned, and even ossified. At that time, the plain and vigorous from NvZhen and other national cultures input a fresh, even a new heterogeneity factor, break the excessive“culture stratifications”, so that Ci literature transforms with newborn. Just as Yang Yi said,“the attack and fusion among different cultures make both parties’development direction and path deviate to some extent in adjustment. The values, beliefs and aesthetic factors of minority cultural may change the central plains’original develop track and state, leading to certain‘biased beyond’”. In response to the Jin Ci, that is, in the influence of Han-Hu culture crash and fusion, it develops in the entanglement and wave between elegance and filthy, in the contradiction interweave between beauty and frank. Eventually, the style“biased beyond”and close to the vulgar and robust Opera. Ci and Opera grow and decline with each other, and the sister of Ci—Opera develops strongly. Consequently, the long elegance literary tradition of Chinese literature is overthrown, and the narrative, vulgar and popular literature becomes literary mainstream gradually.On the other hand, in geography, the collision and fusion of southern culture representing Han culture and northern culture representing minority ethnic culture are also the dynamic of forming the Jin Ci style and system. Ci is a kind of regional literature style, whose early stage is colored up with distinct humanistic of Jiang Nan area. Although Ci grows up in the central plains, the colorfulness and beauty are still the main body, the bright and robust works by Su Shi, etc. considered as tributary. Not until Jin Dynasty occupies the central plains, north and south region culture collides,“Su Study is popular in the north”,“the style of Dong Po”quite prevails, and the theme materials, content, style and flavor of Jin Ci are branded by northern culture clearly. The specific performances are depicting the snow mountain’s lunar vapor and sands’gale in northern area. Besides that, influenced by northern bight and robust flavor, Ci literature presents a“both refine and popular tastes, vigorous, greatly win the gentle of southern area”aesthetics pattern (Wu Mei) and the two—pole trend (both refine and popular tastes) of creating, thus, Jin Ci is different from the contemporaneous Southern Song Ci and shows unique characteristics in Ci literature history.更多还原