【作者】 李来兴；

【导师】 杨剑桥；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 本文以宋元话本的动词为研究对象,通过对宋元话本动词的调查研究,试图了解宋元话本时期动词在语义、语法方面的特点,以及它与现代汉语之间的传承,为汉语语法史的研究提供参考。本文共分九章,根据动词的句法特征和意义相结合的原则,将宋元话本中的动词分为能愿动词、趋向动词、判断动词、存现动词、心理动词、使役动词、动作动词、状态动词等八类,结合历时的比较,及宋元话本语言本身的内部规律,分别描述各类动词的语法特点,并对所涉及的语义、语法现象做出解释。第一章为绪论,简要说明国内外关于宋元话本研究的概况,以及动词的研究发展,确定了动词分类的原则,最后介绍本文的研究方法。第二章根据能愿动词的表意功能,分为可能类、意愿类和必要类,分析研究这三类能愿动词的语义和句式,并考察它在汉语发展史上的消长变化。宋元话本时期能愿动词的用法已经渐趋完善,可以进入肯定句、否定句,还有少量的反问句和双重否定句,构成的句型也呈现多样化,有陈述句、疑问句、祈使句等,初步具备了现代汉语中能愿动词的面貌。第三章对趋向动词的数量、语义和语法功能作了详尽的描写和解释。宋元话本中的趋向动词既可以作谓语,也可以作补语,作谓语时可以进入多种句式,作补语时既可以表趋向义、也可以表结果义、动态义等。宋元话本趋向动词的语义和语法功能虽然已和现代汉语非常接近,但也有不同的地方,比如宋元话本中有些趋向动词在现代汉语中不再使用,或保留在某些方言中,如：单音趋向动词中的“转、入”等,复合趋向动词中的“开去、起去、转来、转去、入来、入去”等。这章也对动趋式带宾语时补语和宾语的语序进行了考察,并对宋元话本中“动词+将+趋向动词”式动补结构和“得”字实现式趋向补语进行描写与解释。第四章根据判断动词前段和后段的关系将判断动词分为“是”类动词、“像”类动词、“叫”类动词等三类,然后分别进行描写和解释。“是”类动词中,从语义和结构特征等方面重点分析了“是”的用法和“是”字句。在“像”“叫”类动词中,本章分析了这两类动词的概况,并对其构成的句式进行了描写和说明,然后分别讨论了“像”“叫”类动词的句法语义特点。另,本章也尝试提出宋元话本中出现的其他类型的判断动词。第五章将宋元话本中的存现动词分为存在动词、隐现动词、增减动词三大类,相对“有”来说,其他词的用法都比较简单。宋元话本中的“有”可以表示多种意义,如存在、领属、比较、估量,还可以构成多种句式,包括简单的“有”字句和复杂的“有”字句。另,本章提出了疑问句在宋元时代尚处于未定型阶段的看法。第六章根据心理动词的语义特征和语法功能,将宋元话本中的心理动词分为五大类：情绪类心理动词、情感类心理动词、感知类心理动词、认知类心理动词、使役类心理动词,除了对每类心理动词的特点和句式进行研究外,还根据语义特征,为每小类心理动词划分出不同的语义群。第七章将使役动词根据语义分为三大类：使令动词、致使动词和容许动词,并详细讨论了宋元话本中的使役动词的语义特点和句法特征。根据语义的强弱,本章将使令动词分为六小类,另外,也将致使结构与使令结构进行比较,归纳出两者之间的共同点与不同点,重点分析了宋元话本中既表使令又表致使的“教”、“令”、“使”、“着”、“交”等动词的使用频率和发展进程。第八章对动作动词和状态动词的句法语义特点进行了概述,并对相互动词进行了详尽的分析。宋元话本中的动作动词是全书中数量最多的,它的外延相比较前面几类动词来说,是开放性的,由动作动词构成的句型也丰富多样,按带动元的数目可以分为一价动作动词、二价动作动词和三价动作动词。至于状态动词,按带动元的数目,也可以分为三类：一价状态动词、二价状态动词及三价状态动词。第九章为结论。指出主要结论和不足之处,为这类研究可能涉及的范围提出补充。更多还原

【Abstract】 The purpose of the study on the verbs of Songyuan Huaben (Song-Yuan script) is to investigate and understand the semantics and the grammar of this medieval period. The characteristics of the verbs used in the Songyuan Huaben are juxtaposed to the Chinese language used in preceding dynasties, while charting its historical development to the contemporary Chinese language. This thesis consists of 9 chapters. According to the common principles of grammatical features and semantic characteristics, verbs are classified into eight categories. These are auxiliary verbs, directional verbs, judgement verbs, existent verbs, mental verbs, causative verbs, action verbs and state verbs. Through the use of diachronic comparison, a technique used to compare the internal language law of the Songyuan Huaben, one is able to differentiate and describe the characteristics of the various grammatical verbs, its semantics and explain its developments.In the introduction, a concise explanation is given on the investigation of the international and domestic aspects in the Songyuan Huaben. The research and development of the verb is discussed and the rules of verb classifications are confirmed. In addition, the research methodology is introduced.The second chapter deals with the communicative function of the auxiliary verbs. The auxiliary verbs can be classified into possible verbs, willing verbs and necessary verbs. The semantics and sentence structure of these three classes of auxiliary verbs is analyzed. While charting its gradual development in the evolution of the Chinese language, the usage of the auxiliary verbs in the Songyuan Huaben has been perfected. This leads to variations such as the positive sentence, negative sentence, rhetorical question and the double negative question. The constitution of the sentence pattern has been altered as well, given rise to the declarative sentence, interrogative sentence and imperative sentence. This precedes the appearance of the auxiliary verbs used in modern Chinese language.The third chapter is targeted on the directional verbs. A thorough description and explanation of the numbers, semantics and syntactic functions of directional verbs will be made. The directional verbs of the Songyuan Huabens can be use as predicate and a complement as well. When used as a predicate, it can be fit into a variety of sentences; while used as a complement, it denotes directional meaning, resulting meaning and dynamic meaning. While the semantics and syntactic functions of the Songyuan Huabens are extremely similar to that used in the modern Chinese language, there are some dissimilarities. For example there are some directional verbs common in the Song-Yuan period are no longer in use or only retain in some dialects. Some examples are the usage of monosyllabic directional verbs of "transfer(转)”and "enter(入)”,and "go away(开去),rise(起去),transfer from(转来),transfer to(转去),enter from(入来),enter to(入去)”in compounded directional verbs. This chapter also investigates and continues with the descriptive explanation of the complement and word order of the object in verb-tendency complement with object. The "V + jiang(将)+ qu(趋)”verb-complement structure and completive directional complements with "dei(得)”are also explained.The fourth chapter touches on judgement verbs. Based on the relationship of the pre-verb part and post-verb part of the judgement verbs, its can be explained and classified into three categories, which are the verbs "shi(是)”,the verbs "xiang(像)”and the verbs "jiao(叫)”.Exhaustive description and explanation to these three categories of verbs are then carried out. This chapter also tries to present other types of judgement verbs appears in Songyuan Huabens.The fifth chapter classified existent verbs into three categories. These are existent verbs, appearance or disappearance verbs and increase or decrease verbs. The application of "you(有)”is the most complicated comparing with the other kinds of verbs,“you(有)”denotes various meaning, such as existence, possession, comparison and measurement. Its also constructs various form of sentences, including simple sentence and complicated sentence. This chapter also introduces that interrogative sentence was in an indeterminate phase during Song-Yuan period.The sixth chapter bases on semantic features and syntactic functions of the mental verbs, divides the mental verbs uses in Songyuan Huabens into five categories: mood verbs, emotion verbs, perceptive verbs, cognitive verbs and causative verbs. The research not only analysis the characteristics and sentence structure of the mental verbs, but also divides each kind into different semantic categories in according to their semantic features.The seventh chapter deals with causative verbs and based on the verbs semantic, divides into three categories. These are imperative verbs, causative verbs and permission verbs. The semantic and syntactic characteristics of the verbs are fully discussed. This chapter also divides causative verbs into six subclasses. Compares and induces of their common denominator and differentia between imperative structure and causative structure. As in conclusion, the verbs such as "jiao(教),ling(令),shi(使),zhe(着)and jiao(交)”are analyzed based on their applied frequency and progresses.The eighth chapter targeted on the syntactic and semantic characteristics of action verbs and state verbs generally and a through description on mutual verbs. The number of the action verbs in Songyuan Huabens is the most in amount. It has an open denotation of verbs and diversity of sentence patterns. In terms of verbs arguments numbers, it can be categories into monovalent action verbs, bivalent action verbs and trivalent action verbs. As for state verbs, according to the verbs arguments numbers, can also divides into three categories, e.g. monovalent state verbs, bivalent state verbs and trivalent state verbs.The ninth chapter is the conclusion which summarizes the dissertation and indicates the deficiencies. It supplements the areas of this kind of research should involve in.更多还原