【作者】 石剑飞；

【导师】 冷锁虎；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 本研究于2006-2007和2007-2008年度分别以73份和98份甘蓝型常规油菜品种(系)为试验材料,以籽粒产量为指标采用组内最小平方和动态聚类分类方法进行聚类,将油菜品种按籽粒产量的不同分为5种产量类型,研究了不同产量类型油菜品种氮素积累及其精确施氮参数差异。2008-2009年度以6个常规油菜品种及其完全双列杂交组合为研究对象,在不同施氮条件下研究了油菜杂交种与常规种氮素积累及其精确施氮参数差异。2005-2006和2007-2008年度以苏油211为试验材料,研究了不同氮肥运筹对油菜氮素积累及精确施氮参数的影响。希望通过以上研究明确油菜品种和氮肥运筹对精确施氮参数的影响,为油菜精确施氮技术体系建立提供理论依据。本文主要研究结果如下:1、油菜氮素积累量的多少与品种和氮肥运筹有密切关系。不同产量类型油菜品种开花前全株及各器官氮素积累量和氮含量均无显著差异;开花后全株氮素积累量随产量水平的提高而依次增加;成熟期全株及各器官氮素积累量随产量水平的提高而增加,差异达显著水平。杂交种成熟期全株和籽粒氮素积累量无论是高氮还是低氮条件下都高于亲本;茎枝和果壳氮素积累量在低氮条件下显著高于亲本,而在高氮条件下低于亲本。无论是前期施氮、后期施氮还是前后期施氮能提高全株及各器官氮素积累量,并且随随施量的增加呈增加的趋势。2、不同产量类型油菜品种间百千克籽粒需氮量有显著差异,高产类型油菜品种百千克籽粒需氮量较少,低产类型油菜品种则相反。回归分析表明百千克籽粒需氮量与各品种的籽粒产量间呈显著的负相关,但随产量水平的提高而减小的幅度较小,高产类型和中高产类型油菜品种百千克籽粒需氮量2007处理中分别5.10 kg和5.35 kg,2008N0处理分别为5.63 kg和5.64 kg,2008N1试验分别为6.61 kg和6.78 kg,两者间相差均不到5%。杂交种百千克籽粒需氮量明显低于亲本,杂交种在N0和N1条件下百千克籽粒需氮量分别为5.07 kg和6.56 kg,亲本分别为5.57 kg和7.54 kg,杂交种比亲本低9%～13%。无论是前期施氮、后期施氮还是前后期施氮均可提高百千克籽粒需氮量,并且百千克籽粒需氮量与施氮量呈极显著的线性正相关。在前后期都施氮的常规氮肥施用模式下,施氮量每增加100kg/hm2,百千克籽粒需氮量提高0.93 kg。3、不同产量类型油菜品种间土壤供氮量存在显著差异,高产类型油菜品种土壤供氮量较多,低产类型油菜品种则相反。土壤供氮量与各品种的籽粒产量呈显著正相关。2007和2008N0处理籽粒产量每增加100 kg/hm2,土壤供氮量分别增加3.71 kg/ hm2和2.40 kg/hm2。中高产类型和高产类型油菜品种土壤供氮量2007和2008N0处理分别增加4.0 kg/hm2和12.2 kg/hm2,增加幅度分别为2.6%和6.6%,平均增幅不到5%。杂交种土壤供氮量与亲本也有明显差异,两者分别为164.06kg/hm2和140.65 kg/hm2,杂交种比亲本高16.98%,差异达极显著水平。4、尽管不同产量类型品种氮肥利用率无显著差异,中高产类型和高产类型油菜品种氮肥利用分别为39.84%和41.15%,平均40.5%。但同一产量类型中各品种的氮肥利用率有较大差异。杂交种的氮肥利用率与亲本间也有显著差异,两者分别为35.88%和42.23%,杂交种比亲本低6.35个百分点。因此不能用某一品种的氮肥利用率作为另一未知品种的氮肥利用率。单独进行前期施氮或后期施氮,氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加呈现增加后减小的趋势,两者呈显著的二次曲线关系。而在常规施氮条件下,肥氮肥利用率一般随施氮量的增加呈下降的趋势,但下降的幅度较小。施氮量在150 kg/hm2到300 kg/hm2范围内,氮肥利用率的变化范围为48.95%～50.42%,平均为49.69%。因此对于某一品种而言,在相近的土壤条件和栽培条件下,氮肥利用率比较稳定。更多还原

【Abstract】 The present paper were to study the effects of rapeseed varieties and nitrogen management on plant nitrogen uptake and parameters of precise fertilizaion. To study the difference of nigrogen accumulation and parameters of precise fertilization in different seed yield types of conventional rapeseed varieties, 73 conventional rapeseed varieties were cultivated in 2006-2007 and 98 conventional rapeseed varieties were cultivated in 2007-2008. The rapeseed varieties were classified into 5 seed yiled types (A, B, C, D and E) based on their seed yield by the MinSSw method. Nitrogen accumulation and parameters of precise ferzilization of different seed yield types were studied. To study the differences of nitrogen uptake and parameters of precise fertilizaion between rapeseed hybirds and theirs parents, six parents(conventional rapeseed) and their F1 combinations from 6×6 complete double allele crosses were cultivated. To study the effects of nitrogen management on nitrogen uptake and parameters of precise fertilizaion. Suyou-211 were cultivated in 2005-2006 and 2007-2008. The purpose of these experiments was to clarify the effects of rapeseed varieties and nitrogen management on parameters of precise fertilizaton, and to provide fundamental information for precise fertilization. The main results were as follows:1.The amount of nitrogen accumulation had a close relationship with varieties and nitrogen management in rapeseed. There was no significant difference of nitrogen accumulation of whole plant and different organs of various seed yield types before flowering. After flowering the amount of nitrogen accumulation increased as seed yield increasing between various seed yield types. At mature stage, the amount of nitrogen accumulation of whole plant and different organs of various seed yield types increased as seed yield increasing between various seed yield types and the difference of them between various seed yield types was significant. The amount of nitrogen accumulation of whole plant and seeds of hybrids was more than that of parents regardless of nitrogen conditions. The amount of nitrogen accumulation of stem and pod shell of hybrids was significantly more than parents in low nitrogen conditions, and it was reverse in high nitrogen. The amount of nitrogen accumulation of whole plant and different organs increased in seeding nitrogen application, bolting nitrogen application and normal nitrogen application. And there was a tendency that it increased as increasing nitrogen application.2.Differences of the amount of nitrogen required by 100 kg seed of various seed yield types were significant, and the amount of nitrogen required by 100 kg seed of high seed yield type was less than that of low seed yield type. There was significantly linear negative correlation between the amount of nitrogen required by 100 kg seed and seed yield. But the amount of nitrogen required by 100 kg seed as diminished as seed yield increasing of various seed yield types. Under 2007 condition, the amount of nitrogen required by 100 kg seed of middle high seed yield type and high seed yield type was 5.1kg and 5.35kg respectively; under 2008N0 condition was 5.63 kg and 5.64 kg respectively, under 2008N1 condition was 6.61kg and 6.78 kg, the difference of it was less than 5%. The amount of nitrogen required by 100kg seed of hybirds was 5.07 kg and 6.56 kg respectively under N0 and N1 conditions, and it of parents was 5.57kg and 7.54 kg respectively. Hybirds was about 9%~13% lower than parents. There was significantly linear positive correlation between the amount of nitrogen required by 100 kg seed and nitrogen application. When 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer was applied as niromal nitrogen application, the amount of nitrogen required by 100kg seed increased by 0.93 kg.3. There were significant differences of the amount of nitrogen supplied by soil to various seed yield types. Soil supplied more nitrogen to high seed yield type than to low seed yield type. It was significant linear postive correlation between the amount of nitrogen supplied by soil and seed yield. When seed yield increased 100 kg/hm2 under 2007 and 2008N0 condition, the amount of nitrogen supplied by soil increased by 3.71 kg/hm2 and 2.40 kg/hm2 respectively. Under 2007 and 2008N0 condition, the amount of nitrogen supplied by soil to middle high seed yield type and high seed yield type increased by 4.0 kg/hm2 and 12.2 kg/hm2 respectively, the increasement was 2.6% and 6.6%, mean value was 5%. The amount of nitrogen supplied by soil to hybirds was 160.06 kg/hm2, and to parents was 140.65 kg/hm2. It to hybrids was 16.98% higher than parents, and the difference between hybirds and parents was significant.4. There were no significant differences of fertilizer-N recovery efficiency of various seed yield types of conventional rapeseed. Fertilizer-N recovery efficiecy of middle high seed yield type and high seed yield type was 39.84% and 41.15% respectively and mean value was 40.5%. Fertilizer-N recovery efficiency of hybirds was 35.88%, and of parents was 42.23%. It of hybirds was 6.35 percents lower than that of parents. There was significant secondary correlation between fertilizer-N recovery efficiency and the amount of nitrogen application as basal and seeding nitrogen application or bolting nitrogen application. Fertilizer-N recovery efficiency decreased when increasing the amount of nitrogen applied as normal fertilization,but the decrease was small. Nitrogen application increased from 150 kg/hm2 to 300 kg/hm2, the range of fertilizer-N recovery efficiency was 48.95%~50.42%, mean value was 49.69%. Therefore, the fertilizer- recovery efficiency of a certain rapeseed variety was stabile under the similar condition and with the same cultivated management.更多还原