明清科举与小说

【作者】 王玉超；

【导师】 黄强；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 科举和小说共同繁荣于明清两朝五百余年,两者在小说作者的笔下密切地联系起来,这不仅仅表现在明清小说大量反映科举内容、文人借助小说抒发对科举亦爱亦恨、亦喜亦憎的情感上,更表现在小说作者深层的创作思维当中。明清小说涉及的科举制度、科举社会,一方面具有一定的史料价值,一方面促使小说形成了稳定的情节模式。科举的主试文体八股文与小说相互影响,小说要素融入了八股文,八股文要素也被纳入小说的结构和行文中,分别出现了游戏八股文和八股气息浓厚的小说作品。明清科举与小说的结合研究,主要侧重于科举制度本身及其主试文体对小说的影响两个方面,同时兼顾这种影响的相互性、复杂性和深层性。对此不必作一个好坏评定,只需立足小说文本,从客观事实出发,拈出各个方面的影响,进而解释明清小说中因涉及科举而存在的共性特征。论文由导论、正文和结论组成。导论主要综述本论题的研究现状,概述和界定研究对象,明确论文的研究范围。论文正文共分八章。第一章对明清小说作者的科举经历和身份进行了查考、统计,由此确定明清科举与小说之间存在着密切联系,为以下七章的论述提供一个基础。小说作者是明清科举与小说联系的桥梁,他们生活在科举社会中,绝大多数都走读书、习业、中举、做官这条文人道路,他们的一切生活几乎都与科举有关。查考、统计已知的明清小说作者,联系具体的作品、序、跋和小说作者的其他文学著作发现,小说作者与科举的关系很大程度上反映在小说的诸多特征当中,他们的科举经历、科名高低,无不影响其投身小说创作的原因,以及小说创作的宗旨、内涵和倾向,不同科举身份的小说作者群体与小说类型之间还形成了相对稳定的对应关系。很多明清小说作者同时也是八股文作者,这种双重身份让科举和小说结下了不解之缘。小说作者长期习业八股,多次参加科考,科举给他们带来了中式后的喜悦、落第后的悲楚,他们对科举有着复杂的态度和情感。面对科举制度和八股文中愈加严重的积弊,他们大加指责和批判,甚至逐渐失去投身举业的热情;面对文人理想实现的必要条件和科举的实际效用,他们又不得不研习举业,奔走科场,并时常给予科举以肯定和赞扬。小说作者对待科举的复杂态度是明清小说大量涉及科举的一个动因,也是小说反映科举内容尤为繁复的根源之一。第二章着重考析明清小说中涉及的部分科举资料,主要包括明清科举在实行过程中的童、乡、会、殿试资料,以及与科举制度存在差异的内容。明清小说作者极为熟悉并乐于记述科举制度,明清科举的各级考试都在小说中有所表现。小说作者为了表示自己对科举的态度,或者为情节设置的需要,他们并不按史料中制度化、原则化和机械化的记载方式谈论科举内容,也不一定按实际规制述写科举制度,但是,对科举制度的相关问题,他们不会妄加虚构,这对我们了解明清科举制度的实行情况有莫大帮助。小说中涉及的很多科举制度比科举文献记载的更真实、更详细,这些内容作为明清科举的现实反映,在一定程度上有着补史和佐史的功用,完全可以视作文献资料。明清两朝科举制度大体相同,但仍然存在一些差异,尤其清朝在满族政权的统治下,满人与汉人的科考差别甚多,小说作品对明清两朝、清代满汉两族,以及科举制度的规制与实行之间的诸多差异均有反映。第三章是对明清科举社会诸种现象的考述。科举是明清时期的主要标识,一切社会心理、社会习俗、社会活动都与科举保持着密切联系。文人是重要的社会群体,科举是文人的生活中心,科举作为唯一的选人方式,深刻地影响了文人,它能够改变文人的身份和地位,文人往往为了应考科举而勤学苦读,这成为他们致力于举业的最大动力,他们的生活、思维、心态以及社会活动也因此打上了科举的烙印。明清时期的教育体系主要由学校、私塾和书院构成,它们分别承担各自的教授任务,有着相互补充的作用,但在科举考试的主导之下,三者逐渐合流,走向统一,都成为以科举为中心的教育机构和专为应考的教育基地。与这种现象相伴出现的是教材的变化,除了文人应该学习的正统经书、子史典籍之外,八股文选本风行一时,甚至成为唯一的教学文本。明清世风也受科举影响,婚姻观念、社会风俗、文人集会和游戏无不以科举为中心,呈现出科举社会的各种姿态,这一切在明清小说中表现得要为鲜活。第四章设置两个个案分析。与科举密切相关的明清小说有很多,通过对具体小说作品的探讨和分析,可以更容易理解和把握科举及其主试文体——八股文与小说的联系,从而给人以具体认知,避免论述宽泛的弊端。同时,个案分析在论文中起到承上启下的作用,既为上文科举与小说的综合论述提供一些具体参照,又为下文探讨八股文与小说的相互影响提供一个事例基础。第五章着重阐述小说对八股文的影响。八股文是明清科举的主试文体,八股文与小说的结合研究不能仅局限于小说作者看待八股文的态度上,二者在文体上也相互影响、相互渗透,分别在各自的文体内形成新的特征。随着小说的流行,它广泛地被文人阅读和接受,一些八股文作者不再一味地遵循正统,他们以游戏的态度进行写作,将小说的叙事方式、语言、人物等诸种要素和写作笔法融入八股文,借八股文的文体形式,表达其游戏初衷,形成了小说化的游戏八股文。第六章是从文体的角度探讨八股文对明清小说的影响。明清小说作者长期研习八股文,形成了八股文式的惯性思维,当他们涉足小说领域时,八股笔法和惯性思维也在有意无意之间融入小说创作。八股文讲究围绕题意、紧抓主线、对股布局,小说作者在创作时也渗透着这种八股文的结构意识,并且他们以时文为小说,将八股文的行文语言作为小说的语言,甚至在小说中模仿八股文解释儒家经典,大谈八股文的写作技巧,使用八股术语。他们多角度、多样化地将八股文要素与小说文体结合起来,使小说在结构和语言上都带有鲜明的八股文特征。第七章从八股文对明清小说理学主旨的影响方面进行了考述。理学是八股文的主旨要求,也是众多小说作者的文化取向,小说作者在借鉴八股笔法进行创作时,儒家理学也尽显其中,这使得明清小说在许多场合下与八股文一样,成为阐释儒理的一种文体。八股文的理学主旨在明清两朝的不同时期发生着变化,小说作者的理学意识和作品的理学内容也随之发生着变化。此外,在很多情况下,明清小说的理学内容是通过与科举相关的人物、事件和语言来表现的,小说的理学色彩与科举、八股文密不可分。第八章重点剖析明清小说评点对八股文评点的借鉴。明清时期的小说还未形成专门的、体系完整的理论评价系统,但是小说理论散见于各种小说评点中,而小说评点时常借用八股文写作理论及其评点理论。明清文人很多都涉足小说评点,并形成了一个评点群体,他们在评点过程中,常常使用的八股文评点理论经过改造和转化,不仅具有小说评点功能,还可以指导小说创作。小说的评点方式与八股文评点方式几乎相同,不同的方式侧重于不同的评点内容。在评点体式上,小说评点者借用八股文的行文模式,甚至把评点文字当作八股文来写,使小说评点带有浓重的八股文风格和特色。借用八股文相关理论评点小说虽然有所局限,但它确实丰富了小说评点,小说理论也由此得到完善。结论基于正文的考论,对明清小说受科举影响这一问题从整体和宏观上进行了论说,揭示出明清小说繁荣和共性特征形成的原因之一。科举及其主试文体与小说的结合,不仅体现在诸种表象特征上,更体现在小说作者的创作思维当中。由于明清小说作者对科举和八股文的依赖心理,他们的创作思维逐渐形成惯性,这种惯性思维从更深的层面上稳定了小说的情节模式,也在一定程度上促进了明清小说的繁荣。更多还原

【Abstract】 The imperial examination and the novel common prosperity in the Ming and Qing Dynasties more than 500 years. The both had related closely in the novel author’s writing. This not only displayed in the novel of the Ming and Qing Dynasties massive reflection imperial examination and the writer expresses the emotion of liking and hating which with the novel. It displayed in the in-depth creation thought of the novel author even more. The imperial examination system and society that was involving in the Ming and Qing Dynasties novel had certain historical data value. It also urged the novel to form the stable plot pattern. The Eight-legged essay which was the main examination style and the novel mutual influence. The novel essential factor integrated the Eight-legged essay. The Eight-legged essay essential factor also integrated the structure and the issue document of the novel. It presented the game Eight-legged essay and the novel with the characteristic of the Eight-legged essay separately.The union research between the Ming and Qing Dynasties imperial examination and novel, mainly stresses on the two aspects that was the influence from the imperial examination system itself and the main literary style to the novel. Simultaneously gave dual attention to the reciprocity, the complexity and the in-depth of the influence. Regarding it did not need to make a quality the evaluation. We only need base the novel text, embarks from the fact, picks up each aspect influence, and then explanate the general characters involving the imperial examination which in the clear novel exists.The paper composed by the introductory remarks, the main text and the conclusion. The introductory remarks summarize this thesis the research present situation mainly, Outline and limits the object of study, clear about the range of the study.The paper main text including eight chapters. The first chapter has carried on the investigation and statistics to the novel author’s imperial examination experience and the status in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It can determined the close relation between the Ming and Qing Dynasties imperial examination and the novel from that. It provides a foundation for the following seven chapter of elaboration. The novel author is the bridge relate the Ming and Qing Dynasties imperial examination and the novel. They live in the society of the imperial examination. The majority walks the article humanity rosd of the studies, the industry, to be selected, to serve as an official. Their all lives nearly related with the imperial examination. It investigating and statisting the known novel author of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, relating to the concrete works, foreword, postscript and novel author’s other literature works discover that, the relation between novel author and the imperial examination was reflecting to the many characteristics of the novel greatly. Their imperial examination experiences and the grade height were affecting the novel creation reason, the objective, the connotation and the tendency all. The different imperial examination status’s novel author community and the novel type had also formed the relative stabilization the corresponding relationships. Many Ming and Qing Dynasties novel author simultaneously were also the Eight-legged essay author. This dual status let the imperial examination and the novel have the indissoluble bond. The novel author studied the Eight-legged essay long-term. They participated the imperial examination many times. The imperial examination brought the joyful after the success and the sorrow failing the examination. Regarding to the imperial examination, the novel author had the complex manner. Facing the more and more serious abuse about the imperial examination system and the Eight-legged essay, they accusated and creited it, even lost the joins in lifts industry the enthusiasm gradually. Facing the essential condition of realing the writer ideal and the imperial examination’s actual utility, they must study and participate the examination, and gave the affirm and the praise to it. The complex manner that the novel author treatint to the imperial examination was the agent maaively which the Ming and Qing Dynastiy novel involing the examination. It also one of the reasons that the novel reflecting the imperial examination content numerously.The second chapter is resiting analyzes the partial imperial examination material which in the Ming and Qing Dynasties novel involves. It mainly includes the Ming and Qing Dynasties imperial examination in the child, the township, the meeting, the palace examination material implements in the process, and the content different from the imperial examination. The Ming and Qing Dynasties novel author were extremely familiar and liking to record the imperial examination system. All levels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties imperial examination had performed in the novel. The novel author discussed the content of the imperial examination by the way of recording not necessarily according to historical data institution, principle and mechanized, and didn’t record the imperial examination system according the actual rules, with expressing the manner to the imperial examination, or the needing for plot establishment. But, for the involved question of the imperial examination, they didn’t fictionalize. It was helpful for us to understood the state of executing of the Ming and Qing Dynasties imperial examination system. The imperial examination system which was involving in the novel were more real and detailed than the the documents. These contents were the reflection as the realistic had the action of suppling the historical data to a certain extent. It can be regard as the literature material definitely. The imperial examination was more or less the same in the Ming and Qing Dynaties. But they were different still. Especially under the ruling by the man nation in the Qing Dynasty, the imperial examination of the nation of the man and the han had the differences very many. The actual variance of the imperial examination had reflected in the novel between the Ming and Qing Dynasty, the nation of the man and the han, the rule and the implementation.The third chapter tests various kind of phenomena states of the Ming and Qing Dynasties imperial examination society. The imperial examination is the main marking of the Ming and Qing Dynasties time. All the social psychology, the social usage, the social activity related closely with the imperial examination. The writer is the important social group. The imperial examination is the certer of the life. The imperial examination was the only way of choosing person. It had affected the writer profoundly. The imperial examination can change the status for writer. The writer diligently studies for taking the imperial examination. It was the biggest power for them to devoting the examination. The writer’s life, thought, the point of view and the social activity all had the mark of the imperial examination. The education system of the Ming and Qing Dynasty constituted with the school, the private school and the academy mainly. They undertook respective professor duty separately. They suppleted mutually. But under the leadership of the imperial examination, they flew together gradually and move towardthe unification. They became the educational institution as the central of the imperial examination and the educational base which taking the examination. The teaching material had changed with appearing the phenomenon. The books of the Eight-legged essay were popurlation, but the Confucian classics and the history ancient books which the writer should studing. Even it became the only teaching text. The general mood of the society in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were also affected by the imperial examination. It was made the imperial examination as the center to the marital idea, the social custom, the writer assembly and the games. It presented all kinds of posture about the society of the imperial examination. All these displayed must for bright in the Ming and Qing Dynasties novel.The fourth chapter establishes two case analyses. The novel of the Ming and Qing Dynasties that having the closely relation with the imperial examination were many. We can understand and grasp easily the relation between the imperial examination and the Eight-legged essay and the novel, by throughing and discussing the concretd works. It can have the concrete impression for human, and avoid the elaborating the broad malpractice. At the same time, the case analysis can also play the role which carries on the task in the paper. It make a concrete reference for the synthesis elaboration about the imperial examination and the novel. It can also provide the foundation for researching and discussing about the Eight-legge eaasy and the novel.The fifth chapter elaborates the influence from the novel to the eight-legged essay emphatically. The eight-legged essay is the important literary style in the imperial examination in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The union research of the Eight-legged essay and the novel can not limit merely the manner about the Eight-legged essay for the novel author. They influented and seep mutually in the stylistically, and had formed the new characteristic on the literary style separately. Along unpopularity, the novel were read and accepted widely by the writer. Some Eight-legged essay author no longer constantly follew the legitimate. They were writing with the manner of the playing. They put the novel’s essential factors and the writing technique for exampor the narrative way, the language, the character and so on, to comprehense the Eight-legged essay. They expressed the the original intention of the game by the literary style of the Eight-legged essay. They made it forming the fictioniaing game Eight-legged essay.The sixth chapter discuss the influence from the eight-legged essay to the Ming and Qing Dynasties novel on the angle of literary style. The Ming and Qing Dynasties novel author study Eight-legged essay long-term. It had formed the Eight-legged essay-like inertia thought. When they steping in the novel domain, the Eight-legged essay writing technique and the inertia thought had also integrated the novel creation between unintentional. The eight-legged essay is fastidious regarding topic italy, grasps the master line, the stock layout tightly. The novel author also seep the structure consciousness of the Eight-legged essay when creating. And they taking the Eight-legged essay as the novel, put the language of the Eight-legged essay as the novel language. They even imitated the Eight-legged essay to explain the Confucianist classics, dicusse the way of writing Eight-legged essay and use the terminology. They connected the Eight-legge essay essential factor and the novel literary style with the multiple perspectived and the diversifical unify. They made the novel had bright Eight-legged essay characteristic in the structure and the language.The seventh chapter tests the influence on the Neo-Confucianism primary intention from the eight-legged essay to the Ming and Qing Dynasties novel. Neo-Confucianism was the Eight-legged essay primary intention request. It was also the numerous novel author’s cultural orientation. Neo-Confucianism completely obvioused in the novel, when the novel author profiting from the Eight-legged essay writing technique to carry on the creation. It made the Ming and Qing Dynasties novel became a literary style of explaining the Confucian manages as the Eight-legged essay under many situations. The Neo-Confucianism of the Eight-legged essay had the change in different times in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Neo-Confucianism consciousness of the novel author and content of the novel also had the change with the influencing. In addition, in many situations, the Neo-Confucianism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties novel displayed by the character, the event and the lagnuage which relating to the imperial examination. The color of the Neo-Confucianism in the novel are inseparable with the imperial and the Eight-legged essay.The eighth chapter analyzes the critically punctuates model of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novel to the eight-legged essay mainly. The Ming and Qing Dynasties novel had not formed the special and complete theory system of the appraisal. But, the novel theory can be see all kinds of the novel critically punctuates. The novel critically punctuated had often borrowed the Eight-legged essay theory and critically punctuates the theory. Many Ming and Qing Dynasties writers step in the novel critically punctuate, and formed a community. In the process of the critically punctucates, they used the ready-made Eight-legged essay and critically punctuates theory. These theories after transformating by the novel author, it not only had the function of the critically punctuate, but also instruted the writing. The way of critically punctuate on the novel was same with the Eight-legged essay. The different way stressed different content on the critically punctuates. In the style of the critically punctuates, the critically punctuating borrew the issue pattern of the Eight-legged essay. They even treat the critically punctuates as the Eight-legged essay, and made the novel’s critically punctuates had the style and the characteristic of the Eight-legged essay strongly. Borrowing corretate theories of the Eight-legged essay criticint the novel had the limitation though, it enriched the novel critically punctuate truly. The novel theory also had obtained the consummation from it.The conclusion has carried on macroscopically from the whole the dissertation to the question that the Ming and Qing Dynasties novel were affecting by the imperial examination, and promulgates one which of reasons prosperous of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novel and the formal of the general characteristic based on the main text theory. The union between the imperial examination and the important literary style and the novel not only manifested in various kind of the representation characteristic, manifested in the novel author’s creation thought. because of the novel author’s dependent psychology on the imperial examination, their creation thought had formed the inertia gradually. The inertia thought can stable the stratification of the novel in deeper on a certain function. It also promoted the prosperous of the novel in the Ming and Qing Dynasties simultaneously to a certain extent.更多还原