【作者】 许轲；

【导师】 张洪程； 戴其根；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 以最少的肥料获得预期的高额、优质小麦产量,收到省肥、高效、环境友好的效果,构成小麦氮肥精确定量技术体系,是小麦栽培现代化亟待解决的重要任务之一。本研究在江苏淮北、淮南麦区设置系统试验,研究了不同土壤类型、土壤肥力、品种类型、施氮量、氮肥运筹方式、施氮时期、栽培方式、土壤背景氮等对Stanford方程中三个参数麦季土壤供氮量、目标产量需氮量、氮肥当季利用率的影响,明确了三个参数的变化特点,提出了适用的参数值,提出了小麦目标产量施氮量精确定量技术,并进行了验证和示范,具有较强的实用性和适用性。主要结果如下:1、目标产量需氮量合理确定的研究。(1)5年高产定位试验结果表明,小麦百kg籽粒需氮量随产量的增加呈增加趋势,不同产量水平上存在较大差异;明确了江苏不同麦区、土壤类型、土壤肥力等条件下的百kg籽粒需氮量的适宜取值范围。研明了不同地力水平上小麦目标产量与基础地力产量呈显著线性正相关。淮北麦区粘土土壤上,高产、中产低产水平百kg籽粒需氮量分别为3.01 kg(2.90～3.35 kg)、2.90 kg(2.82～3.32 kg)、2.81 kg(2.60～3.21 kg)。随产量水平的增加呈增加趋势;淮南粘土土壤上,高产、中产、低产水平分别为2.91 kg(2.70～3.30 kg)、2.8 kg(2.57～3.19 kg)、2.71kg(2.41～3.07 kg);淮南砂土土壤上,高产、中产、低产水平分别为2.81 kg(2.56～3.15 kg)、2.69 kg(2.48～3.05 kg)、2.61kg(2.43～2.91 kg)。同时,高、中地力小麦产量与施氮量呈显著二次抛物线关系,低地力小麦产量与施氮量呈显著线性关系。砂土土壤最高目标产量小于粘土土壤。(2)36个不同基因型品种的吸氮量和百kg籽粒需氮量随施氮量增加呈增加趋势,不同品种间和不同品种类型间差异达极显著水平。强筋、中筋、弱筋小麦百kg籽粒需氮量平均分别为3.15、3.03、2.85 kg。(3)在淮北麦区施氮量12.5～22.5kg、淮南麦区施氮量12.5～22.5kg条件下,不同类型品种小麦百kg籽粒需氮量随施氮量的提高呈逐渐增加趋势,最高施氮量比最低施氮量的百kg籽粒需氮量平均增加0.35±0.08kg。在不同地力水平上,表现为高地力>中地力>低地力,高地力比低地力高0.10～0.30kg,两者的差值随施氮量的提高呈加大趋势。(4)在(淮北麦区施氮量为17.5kg/667m2、淮南麦区为15 kg/667m2)与氮肥追肥时期(拔节期)相同条件下,小麦百kg籽粒需氮量与拔节期追氮比例呈极显著二次抛物线关系,全基施处理最低。在氮肥基追比10:0～3:7条件下,淮北麦区,基追比5:5处理的百kg籽粒需氮量最高,陕农229百kg籽粒需氮量为2.65～3.11 kg,济南17为2.71～3.22kg;淮南麦区,基追比6:4处理的百kg籽粒需氮量最高,扬麦11号为2.51～2.94 kg,宁麦9号为2.35～2.77 kg。(5)在施氮量(淮北、淮南麦区分别为17.5kg/667m2、15 kg/667m2)与氮肥基追比(淮北、淮南麦区分别为5:5、6:4)相同条件下,小麦百kg籽粒需氮量随氮肥追施时期的后移呈增加趋势,全施基处理最低,剑叶期追施处理最高,剑叶期处理与返青期、拔节期处理差异不显著,三处理显著高于其余处理。宁麦9号变化范围为2.30～2.77 kg,扬麦10号为2.38～2.95 kg,济南17为2.57～3.16kg。(6)宁麦9号和扬麦10号条播方式百kg籽粒需氮量显著高于套播方式,平均高约0.14 kg。(7)小麦百kg籽粒需氮量随稻季氮肥施用量增加呈增加趋势,R20W15处理比R0W15 R10W15、R15W15处理分别增加0.23、0.15、0.08 kg/667m2,提高8.6%、5.5%、2.8%。2、合理确定麦季土壤供氮量的研究。(1)通过5年的定位试验表明,不同地区、土壤类型、地力水平等对麦季土壤供氮量有显著影响,明确了江苏麦区不同土壤类型及其地力条件下的麦季土壤供氮量。淮北麦区粘土土壤麦季土壤供氮量为3.36-6.24 kg/667m2,平均为4.55 kg/667m2,其中,低地力为3.34-4.50 kg/667m2,平均为3.97 kg/667m2,中地力为4.16-5.11 kg/667m2,平均为4.74kg/667m2,高地力为4.85-6.24 kg/667m2,平均为5.61kg/667m2。淮南麦区,粘土土壤麦季土壤供氮量为2.51-5.93kg/667m2,平均为4.42kg/667m2,其中低地力为2.52-3.54 kg/667m2,平均为3.29 kg/667m2,中地力为3.36-4.58 kg/667m2,平均为4.08kg/667m2,高地力为4.43-5.93 kg/667m2,平均为5.05kg/667m2。淮南砂土土壤麦季土壤供氮量为2.33-5.53kg/667m2 ,平均为3.70kg/667m2 ,其中低地力为2.33-3.4 kg/667m2 ,平均为2.92kg/667m2,中地力为3.19-4.09 kg/667m2,平均为3.65kg/667m2,高地力为4.08-5.53 kg/667m2,平均为4.51kg/667m2。同种肥力条件下粘土土壤大于砂土。(2)麦季土壤供氮量与小麦基础地力产量、前茬水稻产量、土壤全氮含量、土壤碱解氮含量呈极显著或显著正相关关系,得到了不同麦区、土壤类型、地力水平等条件下的回归方程,提出了确定麦季土壤供氮量的实用方法。(3)不同品种及其品种基因型小麦对麦季土壤供氮量有显著影响。(4)随前茬水稻施氮量的增加,麦季土壤供氮量呈显著增加趋势。综合表明麦季土壤供氮量在不同田块间的差异较大,应综合考虑地区、土壤类型、地力水平、前茬水稻施肥情况以及采用的小麦品种类型等因素进行合理确定。3、小麦氮肥当季利用率合理确定的研究。(1)在相同品种、施氮量及氮肥运筹比例条件下进行的5年高产定位试验表明,氮肥当季利用率与小麦产量呈极显著线性正相关,明确了江苏麦区不同土壤类型、地力水平、产量水平等条件下氮肥当季利用率的适宜取值。淮北麦区氮肥当季利用率变化范围为33.31%～50.05%,平均42.36%,高产、中产、低产氮肥当季利用率平均分别为45.28%、39.71%、35.60%;高、中、低地力氮肥当季利用率平均分别为44.25%、40.49%、35.60%。淮南麦区粘土土壤氮肥当季利用率变化范围为30.96%～51.00%,平均40.52%,高产、中产、低产水平氮肥当季利用率平均分别为44.66%、40.21%、35.20%;高、中、低地力氮肥当季利用率平均分别为45.73%、42.68%、39.05%。(2)施氮量对36个基因型小麦氮肥当季利用率有显著影响,9、12、15kg/667m2处理平均分别为52.93%、48.11%、43.25%。相同施氮量下,三类品种的氮肥当季利用率表现为弱筋小麦<中筋小麦<强筋小麦,但三者间差异不显著。不同品种的产量与氮肥当季利用率均呈显著或极显著线性正相关。(3)在不同地力水平上,小麦氮肥当季利用率随施氮量增加呈逐渐下降趋势。在淮北麦区施氮量12.5～22.5kg、淮南麦区施氮量12.5～22.5kg条件下,极差为7～10个百分点。相同条件下,砂土土壤上高于粘土土壤。(4)在施氮量(淮北麦区施氮量为17.5kg/667m2、淮南麦区为15 kg/667m2)条件下与氮肥追肥时期(拔节期)相同条件下,小麦氮肥当季利用率与拔节期追氮比例呈极显著二次抛物线关系,均以全基施处理最低。在氮肥基追比例10:0～3:7条件下,淮北麦区基追比5:5处理最高,陕农229氮肥当季利用率变化范围为28.37%～50.05%,济南17为33.07%～52.33。淮南麦区,基追比6:4处理最高,在施氮量10～20kg/667m2条件下扬麦11号氮肥当季利用率变化范围为30.73%～50.20%,宁麦9号为27.13%～47.67%。(5)在施氮量(淮北、淮南麦区分别为5:5、6:4)相同条件下,不同时期追施氮肥对小麦氮肥当季利用率的影响表现为拔节期>剑叶期>返青期>越冬期>3叶1心>1叶1心>全施基,各处理间差异均达显著水平。拔节期追施氮肥是追氮的最大效率期。在基追比10:0～3:7条件下宁麦9号变化范围为27.87%～49.78%,扬麦10号为28～51.96%,济南17为30.33%～57.44kg。(6)宁麦9号和扬麦10号条播方式氮肥当季利用率显著高于套播方式,平均高约5个百分点。(7)小麦氮肥当季利用率随稻季氮肥施用量的增加呈下降趋势,R20W15处理比R0W15 R10W15、R15W15处理分别下降约6.7、5.1、1.8个百分点,约17.45%、12.75%、4.16%。4、小麦精确定量施氮的应用与验证。在东海县(粘土)、姜堰市镇梅垛乡(砂土)和沈高镇(粘土)利用已取得的三个参数值进行目标产量氮肥施用量精确定量计算,并进行了试验验证。同时进行了大面积示范应用验证。结果表明,所有试验田块的产量均达到或接近目标值,差异小于5%。除了少数实际值与目标值差异大于5%外,多数实际值与目标值差异小于5%,示范取得了显著的增产、节氮效果。与农户常规施肥法相比,精确施肥在不减产的情况下,可以较大幅度减少氮肥施用量,平均减少7.65%,肥料利用率提高10%以上。表明获得的参数值与实际值之间具有较好的一致性,所求得参数值有较强的适用性和稳定性。通过上述研究,提出了小麦目标产量施氮量精确定量技术。更多还原

【Abstract】 To obtain high wheat yield and quality with the least fertilizers and to receive results of saving fertilizers amount, high efficiency and friendly to environments, the precise and quantitative N application technologies should be established, which was one of the most important duties for wheat modernized planting. The systemic experiments were conducted in Huaibei and Huainan wheat zones in Jiangsu province to study the effect of the different soil types, fertility, variety types, N application amount, N topdressing ratios, N application period, planting models, indigenous N supply of soil, etc. on N supply amount of soil in wheat season, N requirement amount for target yields and N use efficiency of Stanford equation. The change characteristic of the three parameters were confirmed and proper values were also presented, which resulted in the precise and quantitative N application technologies for Jiangsu wheat zone.The mail results were as follows:1. Study on the proper N requirement amount for target yields. (1)The high yielding and site-specific experiments results within five years showed that wheat yields had an obviously positive linearity correlation with basal fertility levels, and the same trend varied in the different soil fertility levels. The wheat yields had a significantly secondary parabola correlation with N application amounts in the high and medium soil fertility levels zone, from which the high yields values could be obtained. Wheat yields in low fertility zone had a significantly linearity correlation with N amounts, and the highest target yields ranked as sand soil<clay soil. (2)With the increase of N applied amount, N absorption amount per 100 kg grains varied in trends of increase, and it was significantly differences between varieties. The N absorption amounts per 100 kg grains in strong-, medium- and weak-gluten types were 3.15,3.03,2.85 averagely and respectively. (3)The site-specific experiments under the condition of same varieties, N application amount and N managements within five years showed that wheat yields had a significantly secondary parabola correlation with total N amounts and the N absorption amounts per 100 kg grains, respectively. In Huaibei wheat zone, the N absorption amounts per 100 kg grains were respectively 3.01kg, 2.90kg and 2.81 kg in high-, medium- and low yield levels. In clay soil of Huainan wheat zone those were 2.91, 2.80 and 2.71kg, while in sand soil 2.81, 2.69, 2.61kg. (4)The N absorption amounts per 100 kg grains gradually increased as the soil fertility levels improved under the same conditions. In Huaibei wheat zone, when N amounts applied were 12.5～22.5kg/667m2, the N absorption amounts per 100 kg grains of Yannong19 were respectively 2.99～3.38, 2.92～3.30 and 2.86～3.14kg in high-, medium- and low capacities, 2.98～3.45, 2.96～3.23 and 2.85～3.17 kg for Jinan17, 2.92～3.30, 2.86～3.24 and 2.79～3.08 kg for Huaimai19. In the clay soil in Huainan wheat zone, when N amounts applied were 10～20kg/667m2, the N absorption amounts per 100 kg grains of Yangmai9 were respectively 2.86～3.34, 2.74～3.19 and 2.68～3.03kg,2.75～3.19, 2.67～3.11 and 2.58～3.00kg for Yangfumai2, 2.75～3.19, 2.67～3.11 and 2.58～3.00kg for wheat cultivar Yangmai9, 2.77～3.19, 2.67～3.03 and 2.57～3.04 kg for wheat cultivar Ningmai9. Those were lower in sand soil than clay soil under the same conditions. (5)The N absorption amounts per 100 kg grains had a significantly secondary parabola correlation with N topdressing ratios at jointing stage under the same N amounts and periods, but it was the lowest that was applied before sowing as basal. In Huaibei wheat zone, it was the highest at N dressing ratio 5:5, 2.65～3.11 kg for Shannong229, 2.71～3.22kg for Jinan17. Whereas in Huainan wheat zone it was the highest at dressing ratio 6:4, 2.51～2.94kg for Yangmai11, 2.35～2.77 kg for Ningmai9.(6)Under the condition of the same N application amount and topdressing ratio, with the N applied in the later periods, the N absorption amounts per 100 kg grains varied in trend of increase, it was the lowest before sowing as basal, but the highest at flag leaf stage. There were not remarkably differences among the stages of N applied in flag leaf, and returning green and jointing periods. It was 2.30～2.77 kg for Ningmai9, 2.38～2.95 kg for Yangmai10 and 2.57～3.16kg for Jinan17. (7)The N absorption amounts per 100 kg grains in Ningmai9 and Yangmai10 were higher in band seeding type than in interplanting wheat in rice, which were higher about 0.14kg averagely. (8)With the increase of N application amounts at rice season, the N absorption amounts per 100 kg grains varied in increase trend, it was added 0.23,0.15,0.08 kg/667m2 under the R20W15 treatment than R0W15, R10W15, R15W15 treatments, increased 8.6%,5.5%,2.8% respectively.2. Study on the proper N supply amount of soil in wheat season. The N supply amount of soil in wheat season was affected remarkably by the different zone, soil types and soil fertility levels.(1)In clay soils of Huaibei wheat zone, the N supply amount of soil in wheat season was 3.36-6.24 kg/667m2, 4.55 kg/667m2 averagely. 3.34-4.50 kg/667m2 in the low soil fertility level(3.97 kg/667m2averagely), 4.16-5.11 kg/667m2 in the medium soil fertility level(4.74kg/667m2 averagely), 4.85-6.24 kg/667m2 in the high soil fertility level(5.61kg/667m2 averagely). In clay soils of Huainan wheat zone, the N supply amount of soil in wheat season was 2.51-5.93kg/667m2(4.42kg/667m2, averagely), 2.52-3.54 kg/667m2 (3.29 kg/667m2, averagely) in the low soil fertility level, 3.36-4.58 kg/667m2(4.08kg/667m2, averagely) in the medium soil fertility level, 4.43-5.93 kg/667m2 (5.05kg/667m2, averagely) in the high fertility level. In sand soils of Huainan wheat zone, the N supply amount of soil in wheat season was 2.33-5.53kg/667m2 (3.70kg/667m2, averagely), 2.33-3.4 kg/667m2 (2.92 kg/667m2, averagely) in the low soil fertility level, 3.19-4.09 kg/667m2(3.65kg/667m2, averagely) in the middle soil fertility level, 4.08-5.53 kg/667m2 (4.51kg/667m2, averagely) in the high soil fertility level, In a word, the N supply amount of soil in wheat season ranked as high soil fertility level>middle soil fertility level>low soil fertility level, in the same way, clay soil type>sand soil type. (2)The N supply amount of soil in wheat season had an obviously positive correlation with wheat yields of basal soil, rice yield(proceeding crop), soil total nitrogen contents and soil alkali-N contents, the linearity regression equations in different wheat zones, soil types and fertility levels were also gained. (3)The different wheat varieties had an obvious effect on N supply amount of soil. (4) With the increase of the nitrogen in rice (proceeding crop), N supply amount of soil varied in an increase trend. Therefore, the proper soil N supply amount in wheat eason was confirmed by the integrative factors such as wheat zones, soil types, soil fertility levels, nitrogen application amount in rice season and so on.3. Study on the proper N use efficiency at season. (1)The site-specific experiments under the same varieties, N amounts and N managements within five years showed that wheat yields had a significantly linearity correlation with N use efficiency. In Huaibei wheat zone, the N use efficiency varied with the range of 33.31%～50.05%( 42.36%, averagely). The N use efficiency in high, medium and low yield level was 45.28%, 40.71%, 35.73% respectively, whereas 44.25%, 40.58%, 36.89% in high, medium and low soil fertility level. In Huainan wheat zone, the N use efficiency varied with the range of 30.75%～51.60%(40.52% averagely), N use efficiency in high, medium and low yields level was 44.66%, 40.21%, 35.20%, whereas 45.73%,42.68%,39.05% in high, medium and low soil fertility. (2)N application amounts had an obviously effect on N use efficiency of 36 wheat varieties, it was respectively 52.93%, 48.11%, 43.25% in 9, 12, 15kg/667m2 treatments. Under the same N application amounts, N use efficiency of 3 wheat varieties types ranked as weak-gluten wheat<medium-gluten wheat<strong-gluten wheat, but there were not obviously differences. The yields of different wheat varieties had a significantly linearity correlation with the N use efficiency . (3)In the different soil fertility levels, N use efficiency varied with a decrease trend with the increase of N application amounts, 7-10 percentage. It was higher in sand soil than in clay soil. (4)Under the congdition of same N application amounts and N topdressing period, N use efficiency had a significantly secondary parabola correlation with N topdressing ratios at jointing stage, it was the lowest that was applied before sowing as basal fertilizer. In Huaibei wheat zone, it was the highest at topdressing ratio 5:5, 28.37%～50.05% for Shannong229, 33.07%～52.33% for Jinan17. Whereas in Huainan wheat zone it was the highest at topdressing ratio 6:4, 30.73%～50.20% for Yangmai11, 27.13%～47.67% for Ningmai9. (5)Under the condition of same N amounts and topdressing ratio, N use efficiency of N applied in the different periods ranked as jointing stage>flag leaf stage>returning green stage> overwintering stage> 3-leaf stag>1-leaf stage> basal stage, which reached the significant level. The period of maximal N efficiency was at jointing stage. It varied with the range of 27.87%～49.78% for Ningmai9, 28～51.96% for Yangmai10, 30.33%～57.44kg for Jinan17. (6)The N use efficiency in Ningmai9 and Yangmai10 were higher in band seeding type than in interplanting wheat in rice, which were higher about 5%, averagely. (7)With the increase of N application amounts at rice season, the N use efficiency varied in decrease trend. It was respectively reduced 6.7%, 5.1%, 1.8% in the R20W15 treatment than R0W15, R10W15, R15W15 treatments, which was 17.45%, 12.75%, 4.16% respectively.4. Application and verification of precise and quantitative nitrogen fertilizer application in wheat. In order to investigate the stability and applicability of the three parameters of precise nitrogen application in wheat cultivation, verification experiments were conducted in Donghai County (clay), Meiduo township (sand) and Shengao town (clay) in Jiangyan city with the amount of nitrogen fertilizer calculating from the three parameters. It was also applied and demonstrated in large area of wheat production. Results shown that the yield of experimental wheat reached to or close to the target value, the difference was less than 5%. Most of the differences between actual values and target values were less than 5%. And it also achieved high yield and saving fertilizer by using the technology of precise nitrogen fertilizer application. Compared with farmers’traditional fertilization management,the precise nitrogen fertilizer application method can greatly reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, averagely by 7.65%, and increased nitrogen use efficiency more than 10% without any loss of yield. Those were indicated that the parameter value was consistent with the actual value and the parameter value was applicable. Thus the results of our research could be applied in large area of wheat production.更多还原