【作者】 胡勇；

【导师】 陈利根；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 土地资源管理， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 土地资源是一种特殊形态的自然资源,是物质能量信息的聚合形式,并遵循自然规律成为一个自成系统的整体。因而对人类而言,土地资源必然会具有多重使用价值和多渠道的受损或增值的可能,这些内容都超出了人类包括法律控制的范围、并最终以农村土地纠纷形式化解集中体现出来。农村土地纠纷为不同主体之间的土地利益的矛盾和冲突,这往往由于土地经济利益的不同诉求与矛盾、制度设计以及管理上的混乱引发,其有着复杂的原因。诸多农村土地纠纷,反映的是重大现实问题,隐藏的则是人类土地利用与土地系统的偏离与耦合、工具理性与价值理性、形式理性与实质理性稳态运行与冲突问题。随着工业化城镇化的推进,人类土地利用农地非农化加剧,一方面许多农业用地转化为非农业用地,但另一方面农民却并未因此向城市居民转化而日趋本土化,从而形成一组农地非农化与农民土地利益保障的矛盾。这样的情形下,人类土地利用与土地系统稳态运行的偏离越大,人类工具理性与价值理性越冲突,人的形式理性与实质理性越不兼容,农村土地纠纷越激化。论文以人类对土地合理利用为目标,从理性影响下的土地系统的认知过程和土地利用中,发掘土地资源研究的整体化和系统化,认清农村土地纠纷的本质指向。论文对古代中国农村土地纠纷的案例进行了探究。古代中国农村有关农村土地纠纷案件难以化解是由来已久的事实,只不过在历史上因为土地占有多靠行政权力辅助与此等众多的各种社会机制辅助了司法审理,这才使得这种复杂的农村土地纠纷能在特定时空范围内相对平息并使之隐性化,土地权属的界定也变得有效化。古代中国农村的农村土地纠纷化解,以调解为大传统,呈现出多元化和趋同性的特点。古代中国农村的农村土地纠纷解决机制,虽经岁月消磨,但其原则与具体的运行机制,有着强大的生命力,其中的精华部分值得今天借鉴。论文对当代中国农村土地纠纷的现状进行诠释,成因进行了探究。当代中国农村土地纠纷案件化解表现为诉讼爆炸、余波难平,随着时间的推移,其案件化解的困境还具有进一步激化的趋势,损害了和谐社会的建构。如果将其困境简单的归结于当代城市化、工业化进程带来的后果显然无法揭示这一系列特点生成的实质。类似案件的化解办法,在当代中国以前也曾出现过,差别仅在于在当前表现得更为集中、突出而已。因而目前困境与当前土地使用方式的多样化、土地权属变动频繁化以及权益各方的利益变动较大有直接的关联,与工业主导型的工业文化与农业主导型农耕文化冲突密切关联。中国社会经济的高速发展,城市化、工业化进程日益推进,其负面影响导致了土地权属转让频繁化和转让方式的多样化以及利益牵涉面的扩大化,一方面对土地资源利用具有多重选择的可能；另一方面,土地利用方式和性质多变将会导致权属界定的不明确性,意味着土地系统本身的物质能量流动的原貌的破坏。当代中国恰好是土地利用方式和性质的选择日趋多样化、复杂化的时代,这将会使得原先处于隐性的土地权属界定不明确而趋向显性化并成为当前农村土地纠纷的一大特色。当代科学技术的发展对土地资源实施人为的改变性质的可能增强,当代社会发展与职业分工的细化对土地使用方式和性质的多样化加速,半个世纪以来的中国有关农村土地权属的法律政策规定多次变化,往往造成土地系统与生态系统偏离的可能性变大。土地所有者和使用者对土地资源的人为改性的力度更强、范围更广、引发的土地改性更其复杂化与明显化。其后果必然表现为原先隐而不现的牵连性侵权酿成今日突出的社会问题,并在具体的农村土地纠纷案件化解中集中暴露出来。论文深入认识了土地系统是自然与社会的复合体这一属性。在古代,由于其土地使用方式的相对简单且稳定,由此导致的矛盾冲突不突出或隐而不现。到了当代,特别是在当代中国则不然,这些矛盾冲突得以激化。虽有其特定的时代原因和特定调节机制的缺失等原因,但不容忽视的重要原因在于在农村土地纠纷问题处理上对土地系统的认识的不足。土地资源系统性的存在与运行,不仅表现为对人类社会认知的延续和文本化的表达,也将会带来法律条文化的制度安排。论文强调既有土地法律政策的调整需要在这一理解的基础上,对相关法律规制、公共政策选择及民族文化对策作明细的探讨才能更好地解决当代中国农村土地纠纷难以化解的困境。论文提出：在法律规制层面强调农村土地纠纷化解的关联制度之农地规制法律制度建设,加强土地用途管制和土地规划的具体的农地规制法律制度的建设,在重视农地数量规制的基础上更关注农地质量和生态方面规制法律制度建设,并在司法和行政管理实践中给予贯彻。加强土地承包经营权制度的建设,以及注重农村土地承包经营权纠纷仲裁法律制度与中国土地权属纠纷调处法律制度的建构与完善,并提出实体层面上的《中华人民共和国农地质量保护条例》、程序层面上的《中华人民共和国土地权属纠纷调处条例》的立法建议稿；公共政策选择层面强调农村土地纠纷化解的各方利益诉求预警、调节约束、利益主体协调、利益表达等机制的构建和完善,以及征地损益补偿及配套措施、社会保障等公共政策建构与选择；民族文化对策层面上强调崇尚生态价值观,借鉴各民族化解农村土地纠纷的经验与土地维护的技能,充分利用民族文化拥有的地方性知识。这样一来,将有效地应对当前中国农村土地纠纷的面临的化解困境,农村土地纠纷将能更好地得以缓解。更多还原

【Abstract】 Land resources is a special form of natural resources, which is the polymer material forms of energy information and following the laws of nature as a self-system as a whole. Land resources is bound to have multiple use and multi-channel and may be damaged or value-added for human. The content of land resources beyond the control of human beings, including the scope of the law. It is ultimately to be reflected in form of resolving the dispute of rural land. The dispute of rural land is contradictions and conflicts between different land interests of the principal part. It is often due to the economic interests of land of different demands and contradictions of the system design and confusion of management.There are complex reasons for the dispute of rural land. Many rural land disputes are reflecting the major practical problems, hidden from view of the departure and coupling between the human’s land-use and land system and the steady-state operation and conflict among instrumental reason, valuable reason, formal reason and virtual reason. With the development of urbanization and industrialization, human’s land use makes agricultural land into non-agricultural land increase. It is forming a group of contradictions between agricultural land making into non-agricultural and farmers’indemnification for interests of land. On the one hand, more and more agricultural land is made into non-agricultural land, but on the other hand, the farmers have more localized transformation but not have to become urban inhabitants.In such circumstances, human’s land use and land system the greater the deviation from the steady-state operation, the strumental reason and valuable reason for more conflict, the formal reason and virtual reason less compatible, more intensification of land disputes.As the goal of human rational use of land, this thesis understands the nature of point of land disputes, from a rational system of land under land use and the influence of the cognitive processes and exploring the land resources integration and systematic.This thesis have a study on ancient cases of rural land disputes in China. In ancient China, it is difficult to resolve land disputes after a long time for ancient China-related cases. In history, this land ownership has become definition of effective, because of land tenure and administrative authority supporting such a large number of various social mechanisms of the judicial hearing aids, which makes this complex of the rural land disputes in a specific spatial and temporal scales can be relatively calm and recessive.In ancient China, it is a tradition to resolve rural land disputes in mediation,which showing the diversity and convergence characteristics. Ancient China’s rural land disputes settlement mechanism, after many years, that principles and specific operational mechanisms have great vitality, and some essence of settlement mechanism use for reference today.This thesis have a study on the status of interpretation and the cause of the rural land disputes in China’s contemporary era.The cases of rural land disputes are explosions of litigation, shown a growing number of cases,very difficult for judicial evidences and often in situations for the conclusion of the cases, which are very damaging to the construction of a harmonious society. If we taken the situation down to simple contemporary urbanization and industrialization, the consequences of this series obviously could not reveal the substance of the characteristics of generation. The cases of similar resolve way have appear before China’s contemporary era. The difference is only performing more gathered for protruding. Thus, with the current diversification of land use, the changing frequently land ownership, the larger changes in the interests of all parties, as well as the conflict of industry-oriented culture of industrial farming into agriculture-based culture, the present situation is predicament.With high-speed developments of China’s social and economic and urbanization and industrialization process forward, the negative effects have led to the frequently transfer of land ownership and transfer of the involved for interests of diversification and expansion of surface. On the one hand, the land resource use may be have multiple choice, on the other hand, land use patterns and nature may be take the land system itself uncertainty in ownership,which is very damaging to the original material and energy flows. China’s contemporary era is just the nature and patterns of land use and the choice of the growing diversity and complexity. It become a major feature of rural land disputes that we make the original in a hidden no-clear land ownership to define domination. With developments of modern science and technology for changing the nature of man-made may be increased of land resources,the contemporary division of labor and social development and refinement of land use patterns and accelerate the diversification of the nature, the past half-century of Chinese laws relating to land ownership policy provisions of many changes, these causation often has become larger caused by the land system and the possibility of deviation from the eco-system. Owners and users of land resources have make greater efforts to artificially modified much wider range of land, which is caused by the complexity of modified and more obvious. It is take into a prominent social issue today that inevitable consequences for the performance of the original is hidden but not involved in the brewing of infringement, and to resolve the rural land disputes concentrated exposed in specific cases.This thesis have a study on that land system is the natural and social attributes of the complex in depth. In ancient times, the resulting in non-conflict is not prominent or hidden because of its land use is relatively simple and stable. But in contemporary era, especially in contemporary China, it is to intensify these contradictions and conflicts.Although the reasons for their particular times and specific regulatory mechanism of the lack of other reasons, it can not be ignored because of the important issues to deal with rural land disputes in the land of the lack of understanding of the system. The existence of a systematic land resources and operations, not only for the continuation of human social cognition and the text of the expression, but also the law will be brought about by institutional arrangements and culture.On the basis of understanding, this thesis stresses that laws and policies of land need to adjust for the details of countermeasures in order to make better resolving way for rural land disputes in contemporary China, such as the relevant legal regulations, public policy choices and culture.In the aspects of legal regulation, firstly, we should emphasize that the relevance of the agricultural land legal regulations system, and strengthening land use control and land use planning of the agricultural land of the specific regulation of the legal system construction and the number of agricultural land in the importance of regulation based on more concerned about the quality of agricultural land and ecological aspects of the legal system building regulations and judicial and administrative practice and implement. Secondly, we should emphasize to strengthen the right to operate the land contract system, as well as focus on the rural land contract and the right to operate the legal system of arbitration of rural land disputes ownership dispute with the Chinese legal system, mediation of construction and improvement. Thirdly, we should make draft legislative proposals of the" Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of the quality of agricultural land" in physical dimensions, and" Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the land ownership disputes mediation" in procedures.In the aspects of public policy, we should emphasize on public policy options to resolve land disputes in the interests of all parties’ demands of early warning, regulation constraints, the interests of the main coordination mechanism for expression of interest to build and improve, as well as land-loss compensation and support measures, social security, construction and choice of public policies. In the aspects of national culture,we should emphasize the ecological values, also stress that a good national culture in the maintenance of steady-state extension of premise, drawing on various ethnic groups to resolve land disputes in the experience and intelligence, and carrying forward to the national culture to fully exploit the land resources owned by use and maintenance of the knowledge and skills through its systemic analysis. These will effectively deal with the plight faced by the land dispute in China.更多还原