【作者】 于秋芳；

【导师】 衣保中；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 科学技术史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 日本农协的全名是“农业协同组合”,简称“农协”,就其类型而言有综合农协和专业农协,但综合农协因拥有庞大的组织体系和令人不可忽视的经济及政治实力,所以在农村经济活动中居主导地位,而专业农协就显得微不足道,所以提到日本农协往往是指日本的综合农协。现代日本农协可以说日本农村不可缺少的一个合作经济组织,它的事业范围比较广,融农民日常生产、生活与一体,生产方面包括产前的信息提供,产中的技术指导及产后的销售等产前、产中及产后一条龙的服务体系；在生活方面,向会员提供医疗、保健、娱乐等服务项目。正是这样一个特殊的经济组织,吸引了世界各国学者的目光,为了谋求本国农村经济的发展,提高农民收入,改善农民的生活,纷纷向日本取经,借鉴其农协的成功经验。我国学术界从20世纪80年代起,就开始介绍日本农协。到20世纪90年代,特别是进入21世纪后对日本农协的研究出现热潮,各个杂志上发表了不少相关论文。但这些研究主要是着眼于日本农协的经营、组织管理以及农协所从事的各个事业,对其历史发展,产生背景及其职能的演变很少有关注。我国历史上特别强调“以古为镜,可以知兴替”,单纯地介绍日本农协的组织、经营并不能起到“以史为鉴”的作用。因而要真正了解日本农协就有必要弄清其历史发展,从其发展的教训中吸取经验。因此,本文从历史发展的角度来研究日本农协的发展变迁,以期从其发展过程中寻求成功的或引以为戒的历史经验,以便结合我国的实际情况,取其所长,避其所短,对我国农村、农业的发展起到一定的借鉴意义。现代日本农协的历史渊源最早可以追溯到江户时期的民间金融组织“赖母子”和“报德社”,之后发展到战前的产业组合及战时的“农业会”,最终到战后的现代日本农协,而战时的“农业会”可以说是战后日本农协的直接前身。战后,随着日本的土地改革的进展,为了保护土地改革的成果,防止自耕农进一步沦为佃农,于1947年制订了农协法,着手设立农协。从农协的产生过程来看,存在着“急于求成”、“乱立”的情况,对以后农协经营不善及农协合并政策的实施埋下了伏笔。但是,新生的农协对战后日本经济的恢复起到一定的作用。在经济高速发展时期,日本农协各事业直线上升,可以说此时是日本农协发展的“黄金时代”,同时,在日本经济高速发展的过程中,日本农协也发挥了不可替代的作用。如,日本政府各个农业政策的实施及农业补助金的分发都是通过农协来实现,而农协会员生产的农产品的销售及所需生产资料的购买也几乎都是通过农协来实现的,从而促进了农村经济的发展。而从农协自身组织情况来看,农协设立之初的“乱立”现象开始暴露出其弊端,为此,日本政府制订了农协合并促进法并于1961年执行该法案,开始对农协进行整顿合并。到20世纪70年代,受1973年石油危机的影响,日本开始从经济的高速发展转入稳定发展时期,此时期农业方面,由于经济高速发展时期种植规模扩大政策的影响,大米出现过剩,于是日本政府就提出的农业政策主要是“减反政策”即减少稻米的耕作面积,以缓解“稻米过剩”状况,农协对此政策的反应表现在条件斗争上,争取“耕作减少”最优惠的补助,显示了其“压力团体”的组织功能。从农协事业方面的情况来看,事业量的增长呈停滞状态,80年代中期后,农协的经营出现危机。进入20世纪90年代后,农协周围的环境发生了很大的变化,在政治经济上,主要体现在“三个自由化”上,即金融自由化、农产物流通自由化和进口自由化；在组织方面,主要体现在农协组织的基础农户的变化,主要表现在农户减少,农业就业人数减少及人员的老龄化。环境的变化给农协带来很大的影响,主要是竞争激烈,事业量整体减少,整体上出现经营恶化现象。为了适应环境的变化,农协进行了经济的和体制的改革,经济改革方面重点是销售渠道的缩短、生产资料价格的降低及基础型产业的经营改善及竞争强化；体制方面的改革主要是对农协的三级体制进行改革,由三级向二级转变。从日本农协的整个发展历程来看,日本农协在战后日本经济的恢复和高速发展中发挥了很大的作用,在经济全球化的当今社会,随着国际合作的加强,个体农业经营更需要组织起来以适应国际市场的千变万化,因而现在日本农协虽然存在着不少问题,如“脱离会员”问题、经营恶化问题等,但是其存在仍然不可忽视,而且从战后成立到现在为止,可以说是比较成功的。就其成功经验来看,主要有稳固的组织基础、政府的大力支持、相关法律保障、根据形势的变化不断改变决策及改革等。当然,也有引以为戒的地方,那就是“经营主义”的出现,为了经营而忽略会员的需求,失去会员的信赖。近年来,我国也开展了农民专业合作社的建设并启动了法律设置,但是还存在不少问题,借鉴日本农协的历史发展,在我国发展农协应该注意加大宣传的力度,使合作社的思想渗透人心,让农户能够根据需要自觉组织起来成立合作社,另外还要注意要根据需要因地制宜发展农民合作社,避免“跟风”和“激进”现象。结合日本农协的系统阶段性的特征,提出在我国以县级为单位建立农业互助协会的设想。县级农业互助协会起到联系县级政府和地方农民专业合作社纽带的作用,通过县级农业互助协会来促使地方农民专业合作社的发展,从而进一步推动地区农业经济的产业化、规模化,实现地区经济的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 ACC is the abbreviation for Agricultural Cooperation Combination in Japan. There are comprehensive ACC and specialized ACC in terms of its type. Because of the large organization and the unneglectable strength of economy and politics, the comprehensive ACC holds the leading position in the economic activities in rural areas while the specialized ACC appears to be insignificant. As a result, it usually refers to comprehensive ACC when it is mentioned.Modern ACC in Japan is an indispensable organization for economic cooperation in rural areas, and it has an extensive scope in daily affairs---combining the daily production with living, as to production, it including a complete one-stop service system, like providing information before production, technology instructions during production, marketing channel after production; while for living, it offering medical, health caring, recreational services to its members. It is such an extraordinary economic organization that attracts attentions of scholars from all over the world. In order to strive for the development of the rural economy of their own countries, and to improve the living standards of the peasants by raising their incomes, scholars trend to learn from the successful experience of ACC in Japan.CC in Japan has been introduced in China by academic circles since 1980s. It was in 1990s, especially after the entry of 20th century, that the research on the ACC in Japan began to swarm, with many relevant theses being published in magazines. But these researches emphasized on the running of the ACC in Japan, organization and administration, and the affairs it evolved, little attention was paid on the history of development, the background of its establishment, and the changes of its functions. Only the pure introduction about the organization and operation of the ACC in Japan cannot be a lesson as "being prosperous or not can be predicted from what has happened in the past", which was especially emphasized in the ancient times in China. In order to know the ACC in Japan, it is inevitable to deeply understand the history of its development to learn from the experience of development. Therefore, this dissertation discusses the ACC in Japan in terms of its history, with the expectation of finding the successful experience or some warnings during its development. And it can be combined with actual situation in our country, to promote its advantages and avoid its disadvantages, providing some suggestions for the development in the rural areas in our country.The earliest history of modern Japanese ACC can be traced back to non-governmental financial organization during Jianghu period, such as "tanomosiko" and "houtokusya". Japanese ACC grew into property combination before the war, "agricultural combination" during the war and modern Japanese ACC after the war finally. And "agricultural combination" during the war can be recognized as the direct predecessor of Japanese ACC.After war, with the progress of Japanese Land Reform, in order to protect the outcome of Land Reform and prevent yeoman from degenerating into tenant, Japan set down the act of ACC and initiated establish of ACC in 1947. In terms of the generating process of ACC, there existed "impatient for success" and "arbitrary establishment" which laid foreshadowing for poor management of ACC and implementation of merger policy. However, new ACC played a definite role in economic recovery of Japan after war.During period of rapid economic development, all causes of Japanese ACC zoomed. This period could be considered as "golden age" of Japanese ACC. Meanwhile, Japanese ACC also played an irreplaceable role in the process of rapid economic development. For instance, Japanese government’s implementation of various agricultural policies and the distribution of agricultural subsidies were achieved by ACC, and agricultural products produced by members of ACC and purchase of requisite material also were fulfilled by ACC, thereby, ACC promoted the development of rural economics. However, regarding the self-organization of ACC, "arbitrary establishment " phenomenon at the very beginning of the establishment started to expose its defects, therefore, ACC developed ACC merger and promotion act and carried out it in 1961, beginning to redd up ACC. Till 1970s, affected by oil crisis in 1973, Japanese economics switched to steady development from high-speed development. During this period, in agriculture, owing to policies of expanding plant scale in the period of high-speed economic development, rice became surplus, so Japanese government put forward policy of reducing the area of cultivation, namely, "to reduce anti policy ", so as to alleviate the situation of "surplus rice". Facing this policy, ACC strove for most-favored-subsidy of "cultivating reduction", demonstrating organizing function of "pressure groups". Concerning the situation of ACC’s career, the growth of cause was stagnant. After mid-80s, the operation of ACC emerged crisis.During 1990s, great changes have taken place in the environment surrounding ACC. In terms of politics and economics, these changes mainly embodied in "three liberalization", namely, financial liberation, liberation of the flow of agricultural products and import liberation. While in terms of organization, these embodied in changes in basic farmers of ACC that manifest in the reduction of farmers and agricultural employment, as well as, personnel aging. Changes in environment had great impact on ACC. They mainly were fierce competition, whole reduction of cause and operating deterioration in overall. In order to adapt itself to the changes of environment, ACC carried out economic and systematic reform. Economic reform focused on shortening the distribution channel, decreasing the price of material, improving operation of infrastructure and strengthening competition. Major aspect of systematic reform was the reform of three-tier system, changing from three to two.In terms of the entire development process of Japanese ACC, it has played a significant role in economic recovery and high-speed development after war. In today’s society of economic globalization, with increasing international cooperation, individual farming operations need to organize themselves all the more, and then, they can adapt themselves to the ever-changing international market. Therefore, although now Japanese ACC has such problems as "deviating from members" operating deterioration, its existence cannot be ignored and from post-war to now, it is comparatively successful. Its successful experiences mainly are sound organization, strong support of government, safeguard of relevant legal, changing decision making according to changing situation, and so on. Of course, people should draw lesson from some aspects, such as the emergence of business, that is, Japanese ACC is only to operate, ignoring he needs of members, so lose the trust of members.In recent years, our country also has carried out the construction of farmers’ professional cooperatives and started up legal setting, but there are still many problems. From the developing history of Japanese ACC, to develop ACC people should pay attention to step up publicity efforts, so that the idea of cooperatives infiltrate people’s minds and farmers can organize themselves in accordance with the need consciously, in addition, to develop cooperatives according to local condition, avoiding "reinforcing the same message" and "radicalness". Combining with Japanese ACC’s staged characteristics, our country should put forward such assumption that establish the envisaged Agricultural Mutual Aid Association.Agricultural Mutual Aid Associations are ties contacting the county government and local farmers’ professional cooperatives. The county ACC can promote the local farmers’cooperatives to develop, and then promote the industrialization and large-scale of regional agricultural economics and achieve regional economic development.更多还原