【作者】 高文永；

【导师】 任天志；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业科学院 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 发展农业生物质能及其相关产业,有效替代化石能源,对于优化能源结构,减少对外依存度,保障国家能源安全,稳定能源供应体系具有重要意义。本文通过对我国农业生物质能资源及产业发展现状的实地调研和资料收集,结合2000~2007年全国相关统计数据,对我国不同地区的农业生物质资源可利用量、能源替代的现状与潜力进行定量研究;系统分析了我国农业生物质能产业发展、分布格局、经济带动效应;全面揭示了农业生物质能产业链条、发展模式、组织管理与产业政策的运行机理。为我国生物质能资源及产业的整体规划、合理布局和健康发展提供理论基础与科学支撑。具体取得如下结论:(1)我国农业生物质可利用量总计为209.07亿t,折算煤当量分别为57821.3万t,其中秸秆、粪便和林木生物质量分别为1.90,8.99,2.99亿t,折算煤当量分别为7199.0,31315.9,17078.5万t。另外,所产稻壳生物质能折算煤当量1525.8万t,利用甘蔗与薯类转化乙醇折算煤当量2062.1万t;农业生物质能资源分布主要集中在四川、河南、山东、黑龙江、内蒙古、西藏与云南等省区;能源密度较高的省市有河南、山东、吉林和上海等4个大区域,其次为四川、湖南、河北、辽宁、北京、天津等地。预计2010年我国农作物秸秆资源可达到25069.55万t, 2015年可达到29 471.05万t。(2)我国农业生物质能产业布局基本合理,农村户用沼气工程和大中型沼气工程发展较快,农业生物质能实现了综合利用;我国农业生物质能产业能力总体上离规划目标差距大,未来发展空间广阔,主要存在的问题有:原料瓶颈限制严重,产业化水平低,产业布局与发展规模可行规划缺失,废弃物资源利用率低,产业综合效益亟待提高,产业政策可操作性不强,利益相关体系不健全,产业链条系统性差等。(3)农业生物质能产业在经济、环境与社会方面表现显著综合效益,带动周边发展,部分可以开发为CDM项目,具有循环经济的性质与基础;发展农业生物质能对传统能源相关产业不利影响可以避免,总体表现有利影响。基础较好的农业生物质能产业在产能、规模及发展上表现突出,但部分产业需要在循环经济模式与原料转换方面进行优化调整,与国外相比,产业规模需要扩大,产品提供方式需要改变。及时制定相关的标准与规范,建立行业准入制度,是防止国外部分企业过度使用国内紧缺资源重要手段。(4)以沼气发酵为主体的能源利用模式是发展循环农业的重要举措。生物质发电模式能达到良好循环经济要求,结合生态环境治理发展能源林产业,有效防止土壤沙化和水土流失。生物柴油的发展势头强劲,推广初期以植物油为原料需要政策补贴,同时需要建立原料基地。结合生物基材料功能特性,采用适宜发展模式,达到循环经济标准。农业生物质能产业发展及其模式选择应考虑原料供应、规模尺度、产业布局、资源利用效率、产业链条、综合效应等问题,做到产业发展与区域发展相协调。(5)明确农业生物质资源的可利用量,是产业规划与合理布局的基础。相关行业标准与规范的制定,益于协调发展经济合作组织,理顺流通体系,降低生产成本。公众对生物质能及其产业接受的程度受多种因素影响,需要统筹规划,从政策、资金、技术、原料管理、宣传教育等多方面促进生物质能产业发展。金融财税政策及其它扶持政策的制定能够明显刺激生物质能开发和利用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Agricultural bioenergy can effectively replace fossil fuels,The development of agricultural bioenergy and related industries are very important for optimizing the energy structure, reducing external dependence, ensuring national energy security and stabling energy supply system. Based on the results of field survey,scientific information collected,and statistical data from 2000 to 2007 that about China’s biomass resources storage and the development status of bioenergy industries, The paper has studied biomass resources available capacity of different areas in China, energy status and potential of alternative,systematically analyzed the development status of agricultural bioenergy industries, distribution pattern, economic driving effect,revealed the chain of agricultural bioenergy industies, development model, management means and the operation mechanism of industrial policy. The results provided a theoretical basis and scientific support for China’s bioenergy resources and the industry’s overall planning, rational distribution and health development.This paper has obtained the following conclusions:(1)Based on the minimum statistical data, the obtainable biomass in China is totally 20 907 million ton, in which 190 million ton from crop residues, 899 million ton from livestock and poultry excrements, 299 million ton from forest and wood. It can substitute fossil energy 57.821 million tce (tons of coal equivalence), in which 7.199 million tce from crop residues, 31.316 million tce from livestock and poultry excrements, 17.079 million tce from forest and wood, 2.228 million tce for waste solid and water. Besides, the rice hull can substitute 1.526 million tce’s fossil energy, while the conversed ethanol with sugarcane and potato can substitute 2.062 million tce. The biomass resource in China mainly distributes in Sichuan Province, Henan Province, Shandong Province, Heilongjiang Province, Inner Mogonious Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Autonomous Region and Yun’nan Province. The highest density of bioenergy is in Henan Province, Shandong Province, Jilin Province and Shanghai City, the higher, is in Sichuan Province, Hunan Province, Hebei Province, Liaoning Province, Beijing City and Tianjin City. The results of object quota method show that the crop residue potential could be 25.070 million tons in the year of 2010, and 29.471 million tons in the year of 2015.(2) Agricultural bioenergy industries are basically reasonably distributed in our country. The biogas utilization in rural area, especially those for house and larger biogas projection for wastes treatment, was rapidly developing, and achieved for comprehensive utilization. But the agricultural bioenergy industry in our country has much disparity compared with objection, which left great developing space. The main questions which needed to resolve of bioenergy industry are following: the bottle-neck restriction of raw material, the technical level for industrialization, the feasible planning for industry distribution and developing scale, the inadequate utilization of by production, the lower comprehensive benefit, the maneuverability and equity and systematic of industrial policy, stackholder system, the systematic of industry chain.(3)Agricultural bioenergy industry has great benefit to economic, environment and society, can impel the development of surrounding area. Some also could be a CDM project, and most has a base for recycle economic. The development of agricultural bioenergy industry could avoid the disadvantages of traditional energy and other industry. The bioenergy industry that has good traditional base in our country shows well trend in capacity and scale. But some other industries need further adjusting in recycle model and raw material utilization, some need to enlarge scale and alter produce providing mode comparing to foreign courtries. In the same time, the criterion, standard and admittance must be established in time to prevent our country’s lack resource overused by some foreign enterprises.(4)Assembling the existing techniques, keeping the idea of recycle economic, this paper put forward some technique models such as biogas generation, fuel ethanol conversion, electricity generation, biomass diesel production. These models include most aspects of industry development as raw material obtaining, intermedia produce and by production utilization, and waste treatment, expecting it can reach the circular economy.(5)The basis of planning and rational distribution of agricultural bioenergy industries is to understand the amount of available resources. Developing industry standards and norms are conducive to coordinated development of the economic cooperation organization, streamline distribution systems and reduce production costs. Public acceptance to agricultural bioenergy and industry affected by many factors, Development of agricultural bioenergy industry, first overall planning, and in many ways to promote, such as policy, funding, technology, management and publicity and so on. Financial and other support policies can significantly stimulate the development and utilization of agricultural bioenergy.更多还原