【作者】 陈艳波；

【导师】 赵林；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 外国哲学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 这篇论文里我试图根据两个基本问题来分析赫尔德历史哲学：首先是人为什么具有历史性?其次是人类历史作为一个整体她的目标是什么?赫尔德对第一个问题的思考主要表现在他关于生命和语言的思想中。赫尔德关于生命的思想是他面对启蒙时代的认识论和本体论问题所提出的自己的本体论,其实质是强调人与世界之间在本体论上的“相互依存”关系。正是人与世界之间的这种“相互依存”关系使得不同地域和时代的人对自我的建构和对世界的理解都是不同的,这种不同正是人生存的历史性。在赫尔德的理解中语言作为人与其生活世界相遇的结果,它具有两方面的意义：首先语言是人对自我存在的表达,人只有在语言中才能理解自己：其次语言是对世界的认识,世界在语言中才能被照亮。因此与人存在的历史性相应,语言表达了人理解自我与世界的历史性。人存在的历史性以及人理解自我与世界的历史性表达了人的历史性。对第二个问题的回答赫尔德主要从基督教神学中寻找思想资源。在把整个人类历史看作是上帝的一项隐秘的计划基础上,赫尔德发展了他关于“人道”的思想。“人道”既是人与生俱来的一种潜能,也是人试图实现的目标,它包含两个功能性的概念：理性和公道。通过“理性”,上帝把命运交到人自己的手中,人必须通过他自己的理性才能认识自己的命运和人道；但是由于人类理性的有限,人对上帝法则的理解是建立在试验与错误之上的,所以只有通过“公道”,人才能不断地改正自己的错误,重新走上通向“人道”之路；正是在“理性”和“公道”这两大原则的作用下,人类不断地发现并走向“人道”。在论文的最后我简要地讨论了赫尔德思想对德国浪漫主义的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 We are trying to analyse Herder’s philosophy of history from two basic questions: first, why do human possess historicality? Secondly, what’s the aim of the human history as a whole?Herder’s thinking on the first question is expressed in his thought on life and language. Herder’s thought on life is his own ontology through which he wants to solve the epistemological and ontological problems of the age of Enlightenment, and whose main idea is the emphasis on the ontological ’interdependency’ between human and world. This ontological’interdependency’makes people from different regions and times construct their selves and understand the worlds differently, which is called the historicality of human existence. In Herder’s understanding, language, as results of human’s encountering with his living world, has two significance:one is that language is the expression of human existence, only through language can human beings understand himself; the other is that language is the recognition of the world, through language the world is lighted. So corresponding to the historicality of human existence, language expresses the historicity of human’s understanding about himself and world. The historicality of human existence and the historicity of human’s understanding about himelf and world embody human’s historicity.When trying to answer the second question Herder seeks the thought resources from Christian Theology.Based on the view that seeing the whole human history as the secret plan made by God, Herder develops his thinking on’humanity’.’Humanity ’, not only as a kind of potential which human beings possess from birth but also as the ideal state which human beings are trying to attain, includes two functional concepts:reason and fairness. With’reason’, God placed into human being’s hands their own destinies, and human beings must figure out what their destinies are and what humanity is by using their own reason; but human’s understanding about the law of God is based on trial and error due to the limit of human reason, so only through’ fairness’, could human beings correct their error continually, and find their way leading to the humanity on and on; with the functioning of’reason’and’fairness’as two principles, human beings are discovering and approaching humanity.In the last chapter we discuss herder’s influence on German Romanticism concisely.更多还原