【作者】 刘薇；

【导师】 陈锋；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 专门史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 作为洋务运动后期的殿军人物,建立近代兵工企业是张之洞洋务成就中最引人注目的一项。由其一手创办的汉阳兵工厂因体系完备、技术先进、生产能力强,在当时赢得了“巨龙之爪”、“东方克虏伯”的美誉。抗日战争时期,“汉阳造”步枪成为中国军队抵御日寇的重要武器,为中华民族的独立做出了不可磨灭的贡献。实际上,除了建立著名的汉阳兵工厂外,张之洞的兵工活动还远不止于此。早在担任两广总督期间,他便采取一系列措施对广东原有的兵工局厂进行整顿扩建,促进了广东近代兵器工业的兴起。两次署理两江总督,张之洞又多次对江南制造局进行整顿,并统筹该厂的迁建工作,为晚清乃至民国时期该厂的发展走向奠定了基础。张之洞在两广、湖广、两江任上进行的兵工活动是一个整体的过程,对中国近代兵工企业的崛起与发展起到了积极的作用。本文按照时间推移和地点变化,以张之洞在广东、湖北、江南三地整顿或兴办兵工企业的活动为主要线索,重点考察与之相关的各主要兵工局厂的建立、财政经费、军火生产、人才培养、技术创新、局厂管理等问题,理清张之洞兵工思想及活动的主要脉络,并对其作出客观的历史评价。在史料运用方面,力求以第一手资料为主,包括张之洞本人及其他相关人员的奏折、电稿、书信、批札等等,同时广泛搜索各种相关的档案史料以及晚清的报刊杂志,以严谨的态度对史料进行整理和辨伪,力图真实、详尽的还原史实。在研究方法上,以历史学为基础,借鉴国防经济学等学科的知识和研究方法,希望能够拓宽本文的研究层面。全文主体分为六章。第一章《中国近代兵工企业概况》主要介绍晚清以来中国近代兵工企业的发端以及中法战争前近代兵工企业的概况,找出这一时期兵工企业的特点与不足,揭示张之洞创办兵工事业是顺应历史潮流之举。第二章《张之洞与广东近代兵器工业》主要记述张之洞担任两广总督期间进行的兵工活动,这是张氏兴办兵工企业的正式开端。张之洞督粤之前,广东的兵工基础相当薄弱,在中法战争的直接刺激下,张之洞整顿旧厂、建立新厂,为广东近代兵器工业的兴起奠定了基础。同时,建立近代大型兵工企业——广东枪炮厂的计划也在酝酿之中,随着张之洞的迁任,枪炮厂最终落地湖北。第三章《张之洞与湖北兵工厂》主要论述张之洞兴建湖北兵工厂的经过以及晚清时期该厂的发展沿革。重点考察三个问题：第一,财政状况,包括该厂的经费收支和财政管理状况,说明其经费困难的根本原因。第二,军火生产情况,包括生产能力、技术水平、产品的质量与性能、分拨与营销、制式划一的努力等等,揭示其生产运作的特点。第三,兵工人才培养与科技创新,包括军官及技术人才培养和基层官兵培训,指出张之洞培养兵工人才和进行技术创新的成绩与缺陷。第四章《张之洞与江南制造局的迁建风波》主要论述张之洞提出的江南制造局迁建计划及其结局。江南制造局因选址失误多次计划迁建,但均未成功。1903年,张之洞提出了新的迁建计划,却在执行中遇到了阻力,虽经适时修改,清政府仍对其可行性存有疑虑。1905年铁良提出建立南、北、中三厂,张之洞的迁建计划宣告失败。本章重点分析江南制造局迁建风波中复杂的政治因素,指出张之洞迁建计划的失败是其相互作用的结果。第五章《张之洞、李鸿章兵工事业比较研究》主要以中国近代影响最大的兵工企业——湖北兵工厂和江南制造局为中心进行比较研究。作为晚清洋务运动不同阶段的两大兵工巨头,两厂的建立时间、创办者、所处的历史环境均不相同。本章重点对两厂的设备引进、经费来源、军火生产、译书和人才培养等方面进行比较,揭示以两厂为代表的中国近代兵器工业的共性特征和发展规律。第六章《张之洞与中国近代兵工企业的历史地位》主要对张之洞建立近代兵工企业的活动进行梳理和评价。重点讨论四个问题：第一,张之洞兵工思想的形成过程,这与历史潮流的推进和张氏兵工实践的展开密不可分。第二,张之洞兴办兵工企业的历史环境,揭示政治因素和政府态度对其兵工活动产生的影响。第三,对张之洞兴建近代兵工企业的历史地位作出客观评价。第四,揭示张之洞兴办近代兵工企业的缺陷和不足。结语部分从历史的角度出发,分析张之洞与近代兵工企业在发展过程中遇到的瓶颈,说明中国现代化起步之艰难。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a rearguard character in later period of westernization movement, establishing modern ordnance enterprise is most noticeable in Zhang Zhidong’s achievement on foreign affairs. Because of the technological advance and productivity, Hanyang ordnance factory which managed by Zhang Zhidong completly, was famous as "fingernail of the big dragon"and"Eastern Krupp" at that time. In Sino-Japanese War, "Hanyang rifles" were the main weapons Chinese army use to resist Japanese invaders, which had made indelible contribution for China’s independence. In fact, Zhang Zhidong’s ordnance activity is not limited to the establishment of Hanyang ordnance factory.As early as being the governor of Liangguang, he took series of measures to reorganize and expand the original ordnance factoryies there, which started modern weapons industry of Guangdong. Two times being the governor of Liangjiang, Zhang Zhidong reorganized the Jiangnan ordnance factory for several times, and planed to rebuild it in a new place,which has laid the foundation of its development trend in latter Qing and even the Republic of China time. Zhang Zhidong’s ordnance activity in Liangguang, Huguang and Liangjiang is an overall process, which developed positive function to the rising of Chinese modern ordnance enterprise.According to time and place, this article takes Zhang Zhidong’s ordnance activity in Liangguang, Huguang and Liangjiang as the main clue, inspecting with the ordnance factories’ establishment, finance, production, personnel, technology, management and so on. Try to clear the main vein of Zhang Zhidong’s ordnance thought and activity,and make objective historical appraisal to it. Make efforts to use the first material primarily, including Zhang Zhidong and other related person’s memorial, draft telegram, correspondence, note and so on, as well as the files and magazines in latter Qing dynasty. At the same time, reorganizae the historical data, try to return to the original historical evidence. In the method of research, taking history as the foundation, profites from defense economics and other research technique, hopes to expand the research stratification of the article.This text divides into six chapters. Chapter One "the Historical situation of Zhang Zhidong’s Ordnance Activity" mainly introduces the starting of Chinese modern ordnance enterprises in latter Qing dynasty as well as the survey of them before Sino-French war. Try to discover the characters and insufficiency of the ordnance enterprises this time, promulgating that Zhang Zhidong’s ordnance activity is an action of the historical trend.Chapter Two "Zhang Zhidong And Guangdong Modern Weapons industry" mainly records Zhang Zhidong’s ordnance activity in Liangguang period, which is the official beginning of Zhang’s establishment of modern ordnance enterprises. Before Zhang’s arrival, Guangdong’s ordnance foundation is quite weak. Stimulating by the Sino-French war, Zhang Zhidong reorganizes and establishes modern ordnance factories, starting the modern weapons industry of Guangdong. At the same time, Zhang Zhidong plans to establish a modern large ordnance enterprise--Guangdong Ordnance Factory, which is moved to Hubei along with him finally.Chapter Three "Zhang Zhidong And Hubei Ordnance Factory" mainly elaborates Zhang Zhidong’s contribution on the construction and development of Hubei ordnance factory in latter Qing dynasty. Inspecting three questions:Firstly, the pecuniary condition, including the factory’s financial revenue and expenditure, as well as the way of financial control, shows the reasons of its pecuniary embarrassment. Secondly, the military production, including the productivity, the technology, the quality, the marketing, the efferts to service pattern unification and so on, promulgates the characteristic of its operation. Thirdly, the ordnance personnel training and the innovation, including the military officer and technology personnel training and the basic unit soldiers training, points out the results and shortcomings.Chapter Four "Zhang Zhidong And the Rebuilding Disturbance of Jiangnan Ordnance Factory" mainly elaborates Zhang Zhidong’s plan and result of Jiangnan ordnance factory’s rebuilding. Because of the fault on the location selected, Jiangnan ordnance factory was being planed to rebuild on a new site for many times, but never succeed. In 1903, Zhang Zhidong proposed a new rebuilding plan, which has met resistance in the execution. After revises, the Qing government still had anxiety to its feasibility. In 1905, Tieliang proposed to establish south, north, middle three ordnance factories, which announced that Zhang Zhidong’s plan defeated. It is the result of many complex political factors in Jiangnan ordnance factory’s rebuilding disturbance.Chapter Five "Comparison of Zhang Zhidong and Li Hongzhang’s Ordnance Activity " mainly takes the biggest modern ordnance enterprises--Hubei ordnance factory and Jiangnan ordnance factory as the center to carry on some studies. As the two big ordnance giants in different periods of westernization movement, the setup times, creators, historical situations of the two factories are not the same. This chapter compares the two factories’ equipment introduction, funds originate, military production, book translation and personnel training and so on. As the representatives of Chinese modern weapons industry, the comparion will promulgate the two factories’ general character and difference.Chapter Six "the Historical Situation of Zhang Zhidong And His Modern Ordnance Enterprises" mainly combs and appraises Zhang Zhidong’s activity of establishing modern ordnance enterprises. Discussing four issues:Firstly, the forming process of Zhang Zhidong’s ordnance thoughts, which launches with historical advancement and Zhang’s ordnance practice. Secondly, the historical situation of Zhang Zhidong’s ordnance activity, including the political factors and government manners. Thirdly, make objective evaluation on Zhang Zhidong and his modern ordnance enterprises. Forthly, promulgate flaw and insufficiency of Zhang Zhidong’s modern ordnance enterprises.The conclusion part will analyze the bottlenecks which Zhang Zhidong and his modern ordnance enterprises meet in the developing process. Tty to explain the difficulty in the starting of Chinese modernization.更多还原