【作者】 刘涛；

【导师】 陈勇；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 世界史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 宗教改革前的城市政治显现出社团的性质,市民之间的关系较为简单,官员推选较为透明。城市内部秩序主要依靠教会和行会来维持,在这个过程中,宗教文化起着至关重要的作用。对外,城市政治显得较为封闭和被动,与领主和国王的关系生疏。兴起于16世纪30年代的英格兰宗教改革给当时城市带来重大影响。亨利八世和爱德华六世所推行的宗教改革摧毁了修道院,国王没收并重新分配了教会土地以及依附于土地的政治经济权力。此后,城市的经济和社会文化生活以及城市政治发生较为明显的变化。经济方面,原教会所保有的产业被投放到市场后,城市也参与到收购行列之中,并得到比较大的收获,一定程度上鼓动了城市去寻求更多的政治经济权利。与此同时部分城市遇到了来自外部的挑战,城中教会产业的外来购买者向城市提出了权利要求,以及随着城市经济的改善,先前不大关心城市的领主重提多年未提的权利要求。在日常生活方面,原来一些与天主教有密切联系的部分被取消,这种变动给当时的城市社会秩序造成了一定的负面影响。为了维护既有利益,城市向国王寻求支持,城市自治得到大范围的扩展。城市通过各种正式的和非正式的途径,如法律途径和寻求庇护等,来化解各种挑战。紧接着规模自治的是城市寡头制的兴盛,社团性的城市政治转变为寡头政治,无论是官员选举还是政治议事,大多数市民都被排斥在外。在这个过程中,城市政治受到冲击,城市内部出现了对新权威和市政府的认同危机。城市政治生活出现了两种政治价值观的冲突。传统的市民政治价值观认为城市官员同其他市民并没有区别,这些官员之所以为官只是轮到他们来为市民服务,为全体自由人谋福利。新政治价值观则更钟爱效率,这种价值观推崇有效率的行政管理,它要求市政府核心圈子应尽量地小,因为只有这样才能减少争论取得高效,这种政治价值观不可避免地要求权力集中在少数人手中。传统的政治价值观主张政府应对全体市民开放,而新政治价值观则排斥大部分市民。在这个过程中,城市政府通过种种手段,诸如改变原来教会的仪式和节庆,利用市政厅、市长权杖、以及肖像画、市政仪式等,渐渐树立起自己的权威。对于排斥性渐强的政治,市民给予了不同程度上的抵制,在冲突和协调中,寡头制得以确立。城市政治变动体现出市民的权威观：在权利和义务并存以维护公共福利的前提下认可权威。这种观念尤其重要,因为它是市民的基本政治趋向,决定着城市政治乃至是与之相关的其他政治活动的走向。城市政治的发展对议会尤其是下院来说非常重要。下院主要由城市代表组成,两者之间的关系尤为密切。随着城市政治的发展,下院的实力渐渐壮大,都铎中晚期,英格兰议会出现了上院衰落和下院兴起的局面,这对王国政治来说意义重大。关于君权要求,从伊丽莎白女王的忍让到斯图亚特王朝前期两位国王的强硬,下院给予了认可和抵制,体现出下院的基本立场,权利和义务并存,君权不可无限大。这也是为何王权崛起但却又无法实现绝对君权的重要原因。通过以上考察,本文将最终阐明以下观点：1485-1640年是英格兰城市政治重新整合的阶段,在宗教改革的推动下,英格兰城市政治对外对内皆出现较大变化。对外界而言,城市出现了较大规模的自治,在与外界的联系方面,较为封闭的地域型城市政治渐渐向较为开放的参与型政治转变。在内部政治生活方面,城市由社团性政治转化为寡头政治,较为公开透明的政治让位于排斥性较强的政治。在这个过程中城市内外出现了对新市政权威的挑战。对于来自外部的挑战,城市通过各种途径取得中央政府的认可和支持。而至于内部市民对城市政府的认同危机,市府则通过改变政治和文化生活的方式,在与市民的冲突和协调过程中渐渐得到市民的认可。这样,市政府较为妥当地化解城市内外对市府的认同危机从而使得城市社会秩序较快地稳定下来。在这整个过程中,市民的权威观得到体现并加强,市政府积极主动的努力及其回报客观上促进了这一时期英格兰城市政治的发展。这种发展增强了城市居民的国家认同意识,同时壮大了过渡时期市民阶级的力量,有利于限制君权的膨胀,为近代早期英格兰政治转型定下基调。更多还原

【Abstract】 Before the Reformation urban politics had the political nature of community, the relationship among burgesses was simple and electing officials was more transparent. Social orders in towns relied mainly on the Church and the guilds. In this process, religionary culture plays a vital role. Externally, urban politics were more closed and passive, and their relationship with lords and kings were not intimate.The English Reformation which sprang up in the 1530s made a great impact to towns. The Reformation which happened in the reign of Henry VIII and Edward VI destroyed monasteries, kings confiscated and redistributed the land of the church and political and economic power that was attached to the land. From then on, it had a more significant changes in urban economical, social and cultural life and urban politics. Economically, the properties which belonged to Church were put on the market, the town was also involved in the acquisition, to some extent encouraged the town to sought more political and economic rights. At the same time part of the town met the challenges from outside, the external purchasers of the church properties which stood in towns proclaim their rights in the properties. With urban economy improving, the Lords of the town who was not concerned with towns reclaim the rights not being mentioned for many years. In daily life, the previous parts which had close ties with the Catholic had been eliminated, such changes to the urban social order at the time caused a negative impact. In order to safeguard the vested interests, towns sought support from kings, urban autonomy had been extended widely. Cities and towns resolved these challenges through a variety of formal and informal channels, such as the legal avenues and patronage.The rise of urban oligarchy followed the scale of the system of autonomy, the urban politics of community changed into oligarchy, whether in electing officials or political rules of procedure, most people were excluded. In this process, there had impulsion for urban politics that identity crises emerged among burgesses to new authority and town governments. There was conflict between two kinds of political value in urban political life. Traditional civil political values conceive that there was no difference between the town officials and other burgesses, it was just their turn to serve and make common wealth to towns for these officials. The new political value favored efficiency, it requested that the core of town government should be as small as possible, because it was the only way to reduce the argument to obtain high efficiency, such political values inevitably required power concentrated in a few hands. Traditional political values were the open government to all citizens, and the new political values excluded the majority of people. In this process, the town government gradually established their own authority through various means, such as changing the original church ceremonies and festivals, utilization of tangible City Hall, Mayoral mace, and portraits, etc. For exclusive political growing strong, burgesses gave different degrees of resistance, and oligarchy had been established in the process of conflict and coordination. Urban political changes reflected the public view of the authority:authority was recognized only under the premise that the rights and obligations should coexist to protect the common wealth. This concept was particularly important because it was a basic political trends, that determine the city or even the trend of political activities associated with towns.The development of urban politics was very important for the House of Commons in particular. The Commons were mainly composed of representatives from the city and borough, and the relationship between the Commons and towns was particularly close. With the development of urban politics, the strength of the Commons gradually grew stronger in the late Tudor, and in England, the House of Lords declined and the House of Commons rose, which was significant to the politics of Kingdom. About Demands on regality, from Queen Elizabeth’s patience to the tough of the two kings of the early Stuart, the Commons gave recognition and resistance respectively reflecting the basic position of the Commons:rights and obligations coexisted, monarchical power was not infinite. This was also an important reason why the rise of monarchy couldn’t change into absolute power.Through the above study, this theme will eventually clarify the following points:the years from 1485 to 1640 were a stage of re-integration of English urban politics, under the impetus of the Reformation, English urban politics in the outer and in the inner had changed great. Outside, there had been large-scale self-government, and more closed and insular urban politics gradually changed into a more participatory and open politics. Inside, the informal association of politics of community transformed to the formal Oligarchy, and the more open and transparent political gave way to the strongly exclusive politics. In this process, the new municipal authority had faced the internal and external challenges. Externally, the urban obtained approval and support from central government through formal and informal channels. Internally, in the process of coordination and conflict with burgesses, the urban governments gradually got their approval by changing the style of political and cultural life. And then, urban government was more appropriate to resolve the town’s identity crises both inside and outside to make the urban social order stabilized. Throughout this process, the concept of authority among burgesses was reflected and strengthened, and the pro-active efforts of municipal government and its return promoted the development of urban politics in England. The development enhanced the urban residents’ sense of national identity, and expanded the strength of burgesses in the transition period, being helpful to limit the expansion of monarchical power, and setting the tone for the political transition in Early Modern England.更多还原