【作者】 刘娟；

【导师】 田秀云；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 思想政治教育， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 “人格尊严”经常被作为习以为常的熟语来对待,也经常被视为约定俗成的概念而使用。虽然人格尊严的思想早已为公众所普遍承认,但在人格尊严的本源、人格尊严与人权的关系、人格尊严的法律定位等理论问题上却依然存在着诸多争议。在现实生活中,人们思想上存在的对人格尊严的模糊认识,导致了行为中的错误追求。有人将尊严等同于权势与财富,不择手段地追求权力与钱财;有人将尊严等同于面子与虚荣,处心积虑地追求奢侈与浮华。有人为获得物质利益或其他欲望的满足,不惜卑躬屈膝、卖淫嫖赌,自贬人格、丧失人格尊严;有人欺凌、侮辱他人,漠视、侵犯他人人格尊严。在新技术革命条件下,面对现代医疗技术运用导致的安乐死、人体器官移植、克隆技术、代孕母亲等伦理困惑,以及信息技术发展带来的隐私、肖像、名誉等人格利益易被侵犯的法律难题,人格尊严及其实现备受关注。这既是思想政治教育领域的理论问题,也是思想政治教育工作所面临的实践问题。同时,“尊严”一词首次进入今年的政府工作报告,被温家宝总理作为政府的施政目标进行阐释,表明公民的尊严问题已引起了我国政府的高度重视,也显示出相关研究的紧迫且必要。对人格尊严及其实现进行全方位、多视阈的考证与探究,具有重要意义和价值。在人格尊严概念的使用上,伦理学与法学有不同侧重与表述,也有内在联系。伦理学从道德意义出发,强调通过人所应具有的自尊以及自身道德人格的完善获得人的尊贵与庄严,强调对人格尊严的追求和维护既是人的道德权利,也是道德义务。法学对人格尊严的解释更多出于权利角度,认为人格尊严是一种以人的精神利益为内容,并受法律保障的权利。法律希冀通过对个人应得的人之待遇及其精神利益的保护达至人的尊贵、庄严与不可侵犯。道德意义上的人格尊严是法律意义上人格尊严的观念基础和价值追求,法律意义上的人格尊严是道德意义上人格尊严的法律表述及制度保障。道德意义上的人格尊严与法律意义上的人格尊严的有机统一,才是人格尊严完整而科学的内涵。“人的尊严”、“人格权”、“人权”等概念与人格尊严有着内在联系,但也存在着使用空间的差异。对这些词义相近的概念进行科学辨析和立体透视,有助于对人格尊严概念的全面把握与正确使用。人的尊严较人格尊严具有更丰富的内涵,在内容上涵盖人格尊严这一范畴。但作为法律概念,“人格尊严”这一称谓也是不可替代的。由于两者在语义上存在一定差异,所以应在科学意义上分别使用。人格权是平等人格思想的法律延伸,是以人的价值为核心的权利体系的重要组成部分,彰显并保护着人格尊严。人格尊严是人的尊严的实质,是人格权的逻辑起点和基本要义,是人权保障的价值基础和核心内涵。人格尊严思想随着人类历史进程的不断前进而逐渐明晰和确立,其在中西方有着相同的轨迹与不同的注重。存在于宗教、伦理等文化思想领域内的人格尊严,随着二战后在世界范围内的纷纷入宪,逐步进入法律视野。追求并维护人格尊严作为道德律令和伦理原则的同时,又成为实在法的法律规范、价值理念和制度目标。中西方人格尊严存在着从思想到制度、从道德到法律、从等级到平等的相同演变轨迹,也存在着权利本位还是义务本位、为整体还是为个人、为国家还是为自己等不同的注重与归宿。这种历史的痕迹在当今社会仍有所反应与表现。对人格尊严及其实现问题的论证需要从人格尊严的内容、主体及实现条件方面进行阐明。人格尊严作为人之为人所应享有的基本权利,是道德权利也是法律权利。每个人都是人格尊严的权利主体,国家、个人及社会中的各类组织和团体都应对公民人格尊严的实现承担相应义务。人格尊严的实现需要道德意义上的自尊和他尊,更需要尊严受损后的制度救济和法律保障。在自尊与他尊的实现过程中,一方面有赖于人格主体的道德自觉;另一方面也需要社会环境及法律的外部保障。这两方面互为补充、相辅相成。人格尊严的实现是一个系统工程,需要物质的基础、文化的支撑、制度的维护等。在各环节的实现进程中,思想道德与法律制度的力量绝对不可忽视。道德是实现人格尊严的内在要求和必要前提,法律是实现人格尊严的重要保障。人格尊严的实现在个人生活和社会生活中处于十分重要的位置,蕴含着丰富的个人价值和社会价值。它是人作为社会存在的精神需要,是个人幸福的必然诉求,是社会精神文明的重要内涵,是社会发展的应有之义。它的实现既可以促进人的全面发展,也有利于社会的和谐发展与良性运转,有利于社会的文明与进步。因此,人格尊严及其实现理所当然的成为思想政治教育工作的重要内容,也顺理成章的应受到法律制度的维护与保障。如果缺乏对公民人格尊严方面的思想政治教育,失去正确的价值导向,科学的人格尊严观将难以树立;如果没有法律的确认和维护,失去重要的制度保障,人格尊严将难以实现。对人格尊严的提倡与追求,不仅能够在微观上促使社会成员道德素质的提高,而且能够在宏观上改善整个社会的道德风尚。它的实现是完善个体道德和社会道德的必然要求,是塑造现代国民精神品格、构建和谐社会的必由之路。新中国成立以来,政治、经济、文化等各方面的迅速发展和巨大进步给我国公民人格尊严的实现提供了强大的物质基础、制度保障与精神支持,这使得公民人格尊严在绝大部分领域、在很大程度上能够得到顺利实现和落实。但不可否认的是,由于多种因素存在,人们的尊严观念仍有待提高,人格尊严的实现仍存在着一些障碍和问题。影响公民人格尊严实现的原因是多方面的,对这些根源的探究是打开症结的关键所在。传统观念的不良影响是导致目前问题的思想根源,公权力运行缺乏必要规制是影响人格尊严实现的制度诱因,执法部门对公民人格尊严的维护不力是影响人格尊严实现的现实障碍。面对市场经济、改革开放、科技发展带来的机遇和挑战,通过加强思想政治教育工作,夯实人格尊严实现的思想道德基础;通过完善相关法律制度,保障并促进人格尊严的进一步实现势在必行。我们要在大力发展经济、改善人民生活水平的同时,加快构建一整套促进并保障人格尊严实现的道德体系与法律体系。要注重思想教育,强化人们的尊严意识,剔除不正确的传统观念,引导人们树立人人平等、相互尊重的正确尊严观。要明确政治目标,转变公权机关及其人员的落后观念,消除公权对人格尊严的侵犯和伤害。要加强道德教育,强化正确的舆论引导,倡导人格尊严的追求与实现,形成人人追求自身尊严、尊重他人尊严的良好风尚,奠定公民人格尊严实现的思想道德基础。同时,随着现代社会主体及其价值观的多元化,随着主体间利益诉求导致矛盾与冲突的多样与普遍,法律对维护人格尊严的作用日益凸现。然而,由于我国相关法律规定的疏漏与不足,导致公民人格尊严较易受到侵犯,并且较难获得及时、有效、充分的救济。有关人格尊严保护的立法和司法存在的不足,使相关立法、司法等环节的完善成为必要。通过对思想道德基础的加强,通过对法律制度的完善,我国公民的人格尊严将会得到进一步实现。人格尊严的实现是一个系统工程,不仅需要奠定思想道德基础、完善法律制度保障,而且还需要坚实的社会经济、政治和文化根基。本文主要从道德和法律的视角,对人格尊严的内涵及相关概念和理论进行了考证,对人格尊严及其实现的历史与现实进行了探究,以期为相关理论问题的澄清以及现实问题的解决提供一个新的视角或思路。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Personal Dignity" is often treated as an accustomed idiom and also used as conventional concept. Although the idea of personal dignity has been widely recognized for the public, many theoretical issues still remain in dispute, such as the origin of personal dignity, the relationship between personal dignity and human rights, and the legal status of personal dignity. In real life, vague understanding of dignity in ideological views has led to many behavior errors on the pursuit way of dignity. Some people view dignity equal to power and wealth, and pursue them by fair means or foul; someone equate dignity with face and vanity, chase after luxury and glitz deliberately. In order to obtain material benefit or desire satisfaction, phenomenon’s self-deprecating personality, loss of personality dignity, and ignoring and violation of other personality dignity occur times and times. Personal dignity and its realization become a concern for social problems in the face of euthanasia, human organ transplants, cloning, and surrogate mother resulting from modern medical technology and the legal problems of violations of privacy, portrait, reputation and other personal interests brought by the development of information technology. This is not only the theoretical issues, but the practical problem of ideological and political education work. Meanwhile, the "dignity" is written in this year’s government work report for the first time and interpreted as the Government’s policy objectives by Premier Wen Jiabao. The dignity of citizens has attracted great attention of our government, and it is urgent and necessary to make some research on dignity and its realization. So all-round multi-angle investigations and exploration of the issue possess great significance and value.Ethics and law have different emphasis and expression, but intrinsically relations, in the use of the concept of personal dignity. Ethics proceed from moral sense, emphasizing the self-esteem people should have and the honor and solemn acquired from the perfection of moral personality. Pursuit and safeguard of personal dignity is everybody’s moral rights, but also their moral obligation to be performed. Interpretation in law views human dignity more in the rights point, that human dignity is the rights guaranteed by law with the content of man’s spiritual interests. Though the protection of spiritual interests and treatment that human deserved, people’s honor and solemn is expected to be achieved and shall not be infringed. Personal dignity of moral sense is concept foundation and value pursuit of that of law sense. Personal dignity of law sense is legal representation and institutional guarantee of that of moral sense. Organic unity of personal dignity in the moral and legal sense is the complete and scientific connotation of the concept. "Human dignity", "personality rights", "human rights" and other concepts are intrinsically linked with personal dignity, but there are also differences in the use space. Comparison and three-dimensional perspective of those similar concepts helps to fully grasp the concept of personal dignity. Human dignity has richer connotation than personality dignity, covers meaning of personality dignity in the content. But as a legal concept, the appellation of "human dignity" is also irreplaceable. Because of the difference in semantics, it should be used respectively in scientific sense. Personality rights are legal extension of equal personality idea and an important component of the rights systems which core are human values, and highlight and protection of personality rights is just personal dignity. In short, personal dignity is the essence of human dignity, the logical starting point and basic element of personality rights, value foundation and key kernel of safeguard of human rights.With the continuous progress of human history, the idea of personal dignity is gradually clarified and established, and has the same trajectory and different focus in the east and west. After the Second World War personal dignity was written into the constitution in the worldwide, then personal dignity which existed in religion, ethics, and other cultural field gradually entered the legal field of vision. As moral imperative and ethical principles, personal dignity also became the legal norms, value philosophy and institutional goals of positive law. There is the same evolution track between Chinese and Western ideas of human dignity from idea to institution, from ethics to law, from hierarchy to equality, and the same orientation and destination of for rights standard or obligation standard, for the whole country or for individuals, for the country or for themselves. The historical trace is also reflected and displayed in today’s society.Argumentation of personal dignity and its realization need elucidation of the content, main body and the implementation conditions. As the fundamental rights human being should enjoy, personal dignity is the moral rights and also legal rights. Everyone is the rights subject of personal dignity. Countries, individuals and various organizations and groups in society should undertake corresponding obligations in terms of the realization of citizen’s personal dignity. The realization of personal dignity needs self-esteem and respect form others in moral sense, and even institutional remedy and legal safeguard after dignity is damaged. The realization of self-esteem and other respect on the one hand depends on the inner consciousness of the main body of personality; the other hand, the external protection of social environment. Both of them complement and interwork with each other. Anyhow, the realization of personal dignity is a systematic engineering, including material foundation, and cultural support, and institutional maintenance. In the process of realizing, the power of morality and law can’t be ignored. Morality is the premise and foundation of realization of personal dignity and the law is weapon and safeguard of it.The realization of personal dignity is especially important in the personal life and social life; contains rich personal and social value. As a theory of research on the human being and happiness of human and science targeted to good life and good society, moral theory occupies an important position in the discussion of its realization. Personal dignity possesses great significance and value to people and of course, should be protected by law. If there is no legal recognition and protection, personal dignity will lose an important institutional safeguard. The scientific concept of personal dignity will be difficult to establish if lack of ideological and political education of citizens in personal dignity and the correct value orientation; and personal dignity will be difficult to achieve if there is no legal recognition and maintenance and then loss of system security. The avocations and pursuit of personal dignity can not only promote improvement of the moral qualities of the members of the society in microcosmic, but also improve the whole society morality in macroeconomic. Its realization is the inevitable requirement of perfection of individual and social morality, the only way to shape the spirit character of the modern national and to construct the harmonious society.Since the founding of New China, the rapid development and great progress of the country’s political, economic, cultural and other aspects provide powerful material protection and spiritual support, which makes citizen personal dignity has been successfully achieved and implemented in a large extent in most areas. However, it is undeniable that, due to a variety of factors, the concept of people’s dignity has yet to be improved. There till exists some problems and obstacles in the realization of personal dignity. The reasons for affection the realization of personal dignity are various; exploration of the reason is the key to open the crux. The adverse effects of traditional values are the ideological root of current problems; the lack of necessary regulation of public power operation is institutional inducement; the poor maintenance of law enforcement agencies is the reality obstacles of the realization of personal dignity.Facing the market economic reform and opening up, promoting the further realization of human dignity through laying the moral foundation and perfecting legal guarantee is imperative. We need to energetically develop the economy and improve people’s living standards, at the same time, accelerate the construction a set of the moral and legal system promoting and protecting the realization of personal dignity. We should pay attention to enhancing the ideological and moral education, and strengthening the people’s dignity sense, excluding incorrect traditional concept, helping people to establish the rights dignity view of equality, mutual respect; to changing the style of work, eliminating infringement and damage of the public rights to personal dignity; to strengthening the guide of public opinion, advocating the pursuit and realization of personal dignity, forming the social atmosphere of everyone pursuing self-esteem and respecting for others, reinforcing the moral basis of civic personal dignity. Meanwhile, with the diversity of the main body of modern society and its values, interest’s demands of different subject lead to the increasingly diverse and universal of contradictions and conflicts, in which, law plays an increasingly important effect on safeguard of personal dignity. Because of the lack of accurate and profound understanding of theoretical issues such as property and status of personal dignity, the importance of protecting personal dignity is insufficient, which give rise to unable to build a unified and harmonious legal protection system of personal dignity. The deficiency of the principle of law regulation and relevant legislation science result in more vulnerable violations of personal dignity and also harder obtaining of timely, effective and adequate relief. The shortcomings of legislation and judicial protection make perfection of relevant legislation and judicial links necessary. Through the strengthening of ideological and moral foundation and the improvement of legal system, the personal dignity of our citizens will be achieved further.The realization of personal dignity is a systematic project; need not only ideological and ethical foundation and complete legal protection, but also solid socio-economic, political and cultural grounding. In view of moral and legal, the article carries out some investigation on the concept exploration and discrimination and historical textual research, in order to provide a perspective or idea to clarify relevant problem.更多还原