【作者】 王春梅；

【导师】 马长山；

【作者基本信息】 黑龙江大学 ， 民商法学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 在社会制度体系中,人的理性欲求既是制度体系构建的原初动力,也是制度价值目标的直接依据。私法制度作为人类社会制度的最为重要的组成部分,既承载着人类理性的欲求,同时也蕴涵着深刻的价值意义。人不仅将理性诉诸于私法制度,而且还在私法制度中寻求和确证自己的崇高地位。在私法制度中,民事主体既是人在私法上地位的展现,同时也是私法制度运行的核心基础。民事主体在展现人在私法中地位的同时,也表达着人对私法的核心价值——自由与平等——的诉求。在私法的具体制度中,如民事权利制度、财产权制度、契约制度等,都围绕着主体展开,并以主体为价值依归。民事主体的理性欲求和民事主体制度价值目标也同时成为其他私法制度的依据和目标。在人类文明的演进中,私法制度的工具性日渐明显,其所内蕴的价值意义却时而会迷失在历史的长河中。在历时态的民事主体演进中,理论上可以区分为古代、近代和现代三个阶段。古代民事主体在形式上总体说来处于不自由、不平等状态,但仍然蕴含着潜在的自由、平等观念；近代民事主体摆脱了种种附加,在形式上实现了人格自由与观念平等,但却在演化中偏离了其核心价值取向；现代民事主体则在人们寻求实质正义的现代化变革中实现了观念革新,即从过度化的形式自由与平等走向了实质与形式的动态平衡。因此,在民事主体制度的历史演进中,始终或明或暗地贯穿着一条以自由和平等为核心的价值主线,它导引着民事主体的历史变革与当代发展。在民事主体演进的现实层面上,始终存在着某些推动民事主体制度演进与价值更新的社会基础与深层动力。私法文明最早发端于西方,民事主体制度与西方传统法律文化一脉相承,蕴藏着深厚的西方经济、政治、社会、文化、思想等基础。以儒家思想为正统的中国传统文化中私法因子匮乏、以个体理性自由与平等为核心的价值诉求软弱。当下中国民事主体制度正面临着来自经济、社会和文化等诸多方面的问题,成为继续发展的瓶颈。在法治背景下,当代中国民事主体制度的发展有赖于制度的理性构建与完善、价值目标的明晰、社会性基础的构筑和观念的更新与变革。更多还原

【Abstract】 In a social system, rational desires of people are not only the original impetus of building a system, but also the direct basis of purpose value in this system. As the most important constituent part of the human social system, a private legal system covers rational desires of human beings as well as profound values. People not only seek rationality but also seek and confirm their own noble status in a private legal system. Civil subjects show people’s status in a private law and are a core basis for the performance of a private legal system.Civil subjects express the core value of the private law required which is freedom and equality. Some specific systems in the private law, including civil rights system, property rights system and contract system, surround subjects and take subjects as their value bases. Rational requirements of civil subjects and value purposes of a civil subjects system become the basis and purpose of other private legal systems. In the evolution of human civilization, the nature of a private legal system as a tool increasingly become obvious, however, value implied in the system are lost constantly in the development.In the diachronic evolution of civil subjects, three phases including ancient times, modern times and contemporary times, can be divided in theory. In form, ancient civil subjects are in the state without freedom and equality as a whole, but they still have potential notions of freedom and equality. Modern civil subjects have got rid of all kinds of attachments and have realized freedom of personality and equality of notions, but they have deviated from their own core value in their evolution. Contemporary civil subjects have realized the renovation of notions in the modernized reform through which people seek practical justice, which is that transitional superficial freedom and equality move towards the dynamic balance between substantiality and formality. Therefore, in the evolution of civil subjects system, a value clue taking freedom and equality as a core exists distinctly or indistinctly all the time, which leads the historical reform and contemporary development of civil subjects.In the real evolution of civil subjects, social basis and deepen impetus exist all along to push their evolution and value renewal. Civilization of a private law originates from the west. Civil subjects system and western traditional legal culture trace back to the same root, which is on the deep basis of western economy, politics, society, culture and ideology. Chinese traditional culture regarding Confucianism as orthodoxy lacks the factors of a private law very much and requirements of core values which are rational freedom and equality of individuals. At present, Chinese civil subjects system is facing many problems involving economy, society and culture, which has becomes a bottleneck of further development. In the legal background, the development of current Chinese civil subjects system depends on rational building and perfecting of the system, clear value purposes, building social foundations and renovation of notions.更多还原