【作者】 方爱东；

【导师】 朱士群；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 马克思主义发展史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 科学与价值是社会主义的两种不同的理解、解释视角,长期以来,在传统的社会主义理论研究中,马克思主义的科学性得到了高度的重视,而价值性遭到忽视或有意无意的回避。这既造成了理论上的严重缺失,同时也导致实践中的重大失误。其实,社会主义既是一种理论、一种运动、一种制度,也是一种价值观。社会主义价值观是社会主义理论的内核、运动的核心、制度的灵魂,从一定意义上说,无论是社会主义理论,社会主义运动,还是社会主义制度,都是追求着社会主义价值及其实现。社会主义价值观有基本价值观与核心价值观之分。社会主义核心价值观是在社会主义价值观念体系中居核心地位、起指导作用、从最深层次科学回答“什么是社会主义”或社会主义本质属性这一根本问题、在马克思主义理论体系中占据核心地位的价值理念。根据这一本质规定,社会主义核心价值观的有三个方面内在要求：一是它们在马克思恩格斯创立的并为后人不断发展了的科学社会主义体系中占有重要地位；二是能同形形色色的资本主义改良主义、空想社会主义以至前资本主义的封建社会主义、农业社会主义思潮和传统相区别,反映科学社会主义本质,优越于或高出资本主义的核心价值观；三是它们的作用和影响应该是跨越时空的,代表着人类文明发展的方向和未来。据此,我们认为,社会主义核心价值观,应该是马克思竭其毕生精力完成的对人类发展规律的揭示中所展示的“人的自由全面发展”终极价值目标,只有“人的自由全面发展”才符合社会主义核心价值观的本质规定。社会主义核心价值观的发展经历了一个历史的流变过程,表现为从空想到科学、从理论到实践、从革命到建设和改革的转换。对平等、劳动、幸福、人全面发展的热烈向往和不懈追求,构成了空想社会主义价值观的基本点。在社会主义价值学说史上,空想社会主义价值观以其鲜明的批判性彪炳史册,具有巨大的进步性和积极意义,但科学理性缺失是其不可克服的历史局限。马克思恩格斯关于无产阶级解放的理论体系蕴含着丰富的“价值”性内容。科学社会主义之科学性,并不表现为舍弃了社会主义的价值理想,而是表现在,它从人类历史的实际发展中提出价值理想,并且科学地论证了实现这一价值理想的途径、手段、主体力量等等。为大多数人谋利益、实现社会公众平等、人的自由全面发展构成了科学社会主义价值观的基本要素,也成为社会主义核心价值观逻辑生成的理论基础。科学社会主义价值观在批判旧世界中发现新世界,体现了科学理性和价值理性、社会发展与人的发展的辩证统一。列宁斯大林的社会主义价值观对“怎样建设社会主义”进行了艰辛探索,既有理论贡献又有历史局限。新经济政策的实施标志着列宁扬弃了抽象的社会主义价值原则,开始正视在一个农民国家建设社会主义的艰巨性、复杂性和长期性。以商品经济、民主政治和文化革命为骨骼的列宁的“政治遗嘱”,形成了列宁建设物质基础、大力发展生产力的社会主义经济价值观；建立新型民主制度、由人们自己管理社会和国家制度的社会主义政治价值观以及造就自由全面发展共产主义新人的社会主义文化价值观。列宁开启了落后国家建设社会主义的新思路,也即开启了落后国家坚持科学原则与价值原则、历史观与价值观统一的新思路。继列宁之后,斯大林提出一国建成社会主义论。20世纪30年代,他亲手创建了苏联社会主义模式(又称斯大林模式)。斯大林高度关注社会主义价值目标,重视社会主义价值理想实现的物质基础,但没能保持社会主义建设过程中科学与价值、手段与目的之间的适度张力、相互的统一。中国共产党领导中国人民在进行社会主革命、建设和改革的伟大实践中,丰富和发展了社会主义价值观。具体来说,为人民服务、社会平等、共同富强、人的全面发展等,构成了毛泽东社会主义价值观的基本内核；社会主义优于资本主义、以人民群众为主体、共同富裕、人的全面发展构成了邓小平社会主义核心价值观的基本点；重视价值理想实现的物质基础、崇尚道德建设、以人民利益为旨归揭示了“三个代表”重要思想的社会主义价值取向；而“为谁发展”、“怎样发展”构成了科学发展观的价值观内涵。与中国共产党几代领导集体社会主义价值观的发展相交织的是中国社会主义实践中价值理想与其实现的现实基础的关系问题的演进。伴随着社会主义价值观发展历程的是社会主义科学性与价值性、社会主义价值观与历史观从相互统一到相互分离再重新走向统一的历史过程。党的十七大提出了“大力建设社会主义核心价值体系”的战略任务。“社会主义核心价值体系”和“社会主义核心价值观”既具有一致性和同质性；又各有侧重,有所区别。凝炼当代中幽社会主义核心价值观,是建设社会主义核心价值体系的重要内容。社会主义核心价值观有“一般”和“具体”之分。社会主义核心价值的“一般”是贯穿社会主义始终的终极价值理想和目标。同时,社会主义核心价值观的“一般”又表现为社会主义发展不同阶段的“具体”,即表现为社会主义发展不同阶段上的具体价值追求。社会主义核心价值观的“一般”必须依托于各个社会主义发展阶段的社会主义核心价值观的“具体”并通过“具体”的实现和推进才能最终展开、实现。如果说,实现“人的自由全面发展”是社会主义核心价值观的“一般”,那么,在当代中国社会主义阶段所表现出来的社会主义核心价值观的“具体”,就是“以人为本、共同富裕、公平正义”,它们既是当代中国社会主义的现实要求,又是社会主义核心价值观“一般”的现实展开和最终实现手段。当代中国社会主义核心价值观的建构是时代的要求,它的建构需要有理论依据和现实基础。从理论依据来看,确立当代中国社会主义核心价值观是可行的;从现实基础来看,我国已步入建构社会主义核心价值观的最佳时期,具备各种有利条件。建构当代中国社会主义核心价值观必须反映社会主义本质特征,必须立足当代中国社会主义初级阶段的价值现实,必须内含当代中国社会主义先进文化的基本精神。当代中国社会主义核心价值观的建构也需要一定历史和现实的资源。除了社会主义价值观自身的历史传统之外,资本主义价值观、中国传统价值观以及由社会主义市场经济建立而引发的价值观,也是当代中国社会主义核心价值观建构的历史的和生态的前提,构成了当代中国社会主义核心价值观建构的三重维度。社会主义核心价值观的构建是一个系统工程,需要综合运用政策调控、法治保障、舆论引导、思想教育和自身修养等多种方式和途径方能达到理想效果。社会主义的发展历程已彰显出社会主义价值的美好前景,新世纪的全球化世界背景既是对社会主义核心价值观提出了严峻挑战,又为社会主义核心价值观的实现提供了新的契机和条件。社会主义核心价值观前景辉煌。更多还原

【Abstract】 Science and Value are two different comprehension and interpretation paradigms of the socialism. For a long time, in the research of the traditional theory of socialism, the scientificity of Marxism has drawn much attention, while its valuableness has suffered neglect and avoidance intentionally or unintentionally. This not only causes serious deficiencies in theory, but also leads to major mistakes in practice. Actually, socialism is a kind of theory, a kind of movement, a kind of system, even more a kind of values. The socialist values are the core of the theory, the movement and the system, all of which are pursuit of socialist value and its realization.Socialist values are divided into basic values and core values. Socialist core values hold a dominant place and play a steering role both in the socialist values system and in the Marxist theoretical system, which scientifically answer the fundamental question of "what is socialism" and reveal the essential attribute of socialism from the deepest level. According to the essential provision, the socialist core values have three inherent requirements:Firstly, they hold an important place in scientific socialism theory system which was created by Marx and Engels and later developed by their successors. Secondly, the core values are different from ideas and traditions of various forms of capitalist reformism and the utopia socialism as well as feudal socialism and agricultural socialism in pre-capitalist era. They can reflect the nature of scientific socialism, which is superior to or higher than capitalist core values. Thirdly, the role and influence should be across time and space, representing the direction and the future development of human civilization. Accordingly, in our opinion, the socialist core values should be the ultimate value objective of "human’s free comprehensive development" which showed the laws of human development by Marx, who devoted all his life to it. Only "human’s free comprehensive development" can live up to the essential provisions of the socialist core values.The development of the socialist core values has experienced a historically changing process, which shows itself from fantasy to science, from theory to practice, from revolution to construction and reform. The warmly yearning and untiring pursuit of equality, labor, happiness and the human’s comprehensive development have constituted the essential points of the Utopia socialist value thought; While seeking benefits for the majority, realizing the public equity and human’s free comprehensive development have constituted the essence of the scientific socialist values; The socialist values of Former Soviet Union explored the questions of "how to construct socialism", which not only had its theoretical contribution but also had the historical limitation; The Communist Party of China lead the Chinese people to enrich and develop the socialist values in the great practice of carrying on the socialist revolution, construction and reformation. Dealing with the relationship of the value ideal in socialist practice and the realistic basis to realize it is intertwined with the development of socialist values. Along with the development process of socialist values is the historical process of scientificity and valuableness of socialism, socialist values and views of history, from unification to separation and then re-unification.In the 17th National Congress, the Communist Party of China advanced the strategic task of "make great efforts to build the socialist core value system". "The socialist core value system" and "the socialist core values" not only have consistency and homogeneity, but also have emphases and differences. Refining the socialist core values of contemporary China is the important content of constructing the socialist core value system. The socialist core values are divided into "general" and "specific" The "general" of the socialist core value is the ultimate value ideal and objective, which is throughout the development of socialism. At the same time, the "general" of the socialist core values shows the "specific" in different stages of socialist development, namely, specific value pursuit in different stages of socialist development. The "general" of the socialist core values and the "specific" of the socialist core values are integral to each other at various stages of socialist development and the "general" can be expanded or realized finally by the realization and advance of the "specific". If we say that to achieve "human’s free comprehensive development" is the "general" of the socialist core values, then, the "specific" of the socialist core values is "people-oriented, common prosperity, equality and justice" which manifests at the very stage of socialism in contemporary China. They are not only the realistic demands of socialism in contemporary China, but also the real expansion and the means of realizing the "general" of the socialist core values. The construction of the socialist core values in contemporary China is the requirement of the times, whose construction needs the theoretical basis and the realistic basis. As far as the theoretical basis is concerned, it is feasible to establish the socialist core values in contemporary China; in terms of the realistic basis, we have already entered the best period in constructing the socialist core values with all kinds of favorable conditions. To construct the socialist core values in contemporary China must reveal the essential characteristics of socialism, and must be rooted in the value reality of the primary stage of socialism and include the basic spirit of advanced culture of socialism in contemporary China. The construction of the socialist core values in contemporary China also needs some historical and realistic resources. In addition to the historical tradition of socialist values, capitalist values, Chinese traditional values and the values triggered by the establishment of the socialist market economy are also important resources of the construction of the socialist core values in contemporary China and the premise of their history and ecology. These values constitute triple dimension of the construction of the socialist core values in contemporary China. The socialist core values in contemporary China also need the universal value identification of the public, so that they can become the leading banner.The socialism development process has displayed its bright prospects. The background of globalization in the new century not only poses a challenge to the socialist core values but also provides an opportunity for their realization. All in all, the prospects of socialist core values are brilliant.更多还原