【作者】 张泽中；

【导师】 黄强；

【作者基本信息】 西安理工大学 ， 水文学及水资源， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 随着我国水电梯级大开发和水资源统一管理制度健全,水库的作用不仅表现在综合利用,而且呈现出流域化、生态化趋势,水库群统一调度迫切需要解决补偿效益的计算和分配问题,而现有的理论和方法已不能满足实践需求。因此,论文以黄河龙羊峡、刘家峡等水库为例,针对水库补偿效益产生机理、水库生态补偿效益、环境补偿效益、防凌补偿效益等进行了研究,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。研究取得的主要成果如下：(1)水库补偿效益产生机理研究。从调节型水库对过流水资源价值影响入手,揭示了水库补偿效益产生机理：通过大坝作功,水库改变过流水资源价值,水资源的流动特性使得相关对象在投资不变的情况下,直接或间接利用价值变化的水资源,所得的利益发生变化,利益变化部分是水库改变水资源价值的效益外部化,即产生水库补偿效益。(2)环境补偿效益研究。水库环境补偿效益主要包括水库对大气环境补偿效益、河道水体环境补偿和环境资源补偿效益,给出相应定义和计算方法。研究建立了大气环境补偿效益成本模型,得出龙羊峡水库大气环境补偿效益有先增大后减小的变化趋势；刘家峡水库大气环境补偿效益具有随着时间推移而减小的规律。改进污径比,提出水库对下游河道水体环境补偿效益计算方法,并计算了2003年龙羊峡和刘家峡水库相应水环境补偿效益。环境资源补偿效益主要是指耕地环境、文化自然景观的旅游环境、人工湿地环境三个方面补偿效益,计算了龙羊峡水库和刘家峡水库的环境资源补偿效益。(3)生态补偿效益研究。水库生态补偿效益分为河道外生态补偿效益和河道内补偿效益；河道外生态补偿效益包括湖泊补水、湿地补水、相邻河流补水对应的生态补偿效益；河道内生态补偿效益包括非汛期生态基流、防断流补水、汛期生态洪水输沙生态补偿效益。研究给出各种补偿效益的定义和计算方法。采用生态系统服务的意愿支付法,研究了2006年小浪底水库引黄济淀的河道外生态补偿效益；利用水库群补偿调节计算结果,研究了龙羊峡和刘家峡两库对黄河防断流补偿效益的动态特性。根据洪水塑造河流形态为生物提供生境的主要生态功能,提出多泥沙河流上水库生态洪水补偿效益正负判别依据和生态洪水补偿效益计算方法。(4)防凌补偿效益研究。利用冰水力学理论,揭示了龙羊峡和刘家峡水库联合运用改变宁蒙河段冰塞特性的机理,从理论上得出凌汛新问题的根源是龙羊峡和刘家峡水库联合运用加剧了宁蒙河道淤积；调水调沙是宁蒙河段防凌和解决凌汛新问题的关键措施之一。研究给出水库防凌补偿效益定义及计算方法,大柳树水库的防凌补偿效益主要包括消减宁蒙河段凌灾、提高防护对象防凌标准和防凌安全、补偿上游梯级水库发电和补偿刘家峡水库综合用水。更多还原

【Abstract】 The functions of reservoirs not only manifest on comprehensive utilization, but present the tendency of basined and eco-environmental while the development of cascade waterpower and the perfecting of unified management for water resources, then the problems in unified opertation of cascade system, such as compensation benefit calculation and its allocation are imperatively to resolved, however, the theories and methods in being can not meet the practice need, the Longyangxia and Liujiaxia Reservoir has been taken as demonstration for research on the mechanisms of reservoirs compensation benefits, environment compensation benefits, reservoirs ecologic compensation benefits, and ice-jam preventing compensation benefits in this thesis, maybe, the result has significant theoretical and applied value. The main achievements of the study are as follows:(1) Research on the compensation benefits mechanism of reservoir. Based on the effects which the regulation reservoir acts on value of water resources, the mechanism of reservoirs compensation benefits is revealed: worked by the dam, the water resources value is changed by reservoir, reservoirs compensation benefits is generated by the directly or indirectly ultilization of value-changed flow while the investment is unchanged, and the changed part is the exterior chang of the reservoir acts on value of water resources, it is that the reservoir compensation benefits come into being.(2) Research on the reservoir environment compensation benefits. The reservoirs compensation benefits for environment are mainly including reservoirs compensation benefits for atmospheric environment, river water quality and environment resources, then, the corresponding definition and calculation method are put forward. Moreover, the cost model for atmospheric environment compensation benefits was set up, the trend of atmospheric environment compensation benefits of Longyangxia Reservoir have increased after the first decrease trend which of Liujiaxia Reservoir is reduced over time have been gotten. The new dilution Ratio is proposed and the calculation method of compensation benefits is used in the relative water environment of Longyangxia and Liujiaxia Reservoir in 2003. The reservoirs environment resource compensation benefits mainly includes environment of land, tourism environment of natural and cultural landscape, environment of man-made wetland compensation benefits. The environment recourses compensation benefits of Longyangxia and Liujiaxia Reservoir is calculated in the paper.(3) research on the ecology compensation benefits. Ecology compensation benefits of reservoir include river-out and river-in ecology compensation benefits. The river-out one includes ecology compensation benefits of water supplement for lake, wetland and neighboring rivers. The river-in one includes ecology compensation benefits of basic ecological flow in non-flood season, water supplement for ceased flow, transmission of sediment in flood season. The definition and calculation method of compensation benefits are put forward in the paper. Based on the willingness to pay method of ecosystem service system, the river-out ecology compensation benefits of Xiaolangdi reservoir in 2006 are researched. The preventing ceased flow compensation benefits dynamic characteristic and ecology compensation benefits for Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of Longyangxia and Liujiaxia Reservoir are researched on the result of cascade reservoirs compensation regulation. The positive criterion and the calculation method of ecology flood compensation benefit are put forward based on the main ecology function of the flood shaping the river and affording environments for biology in the sediment river.(4) research on the preventing ice jams compensation benefits. The impact of the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach ice jam characters by Long-Liu Reservoirs joint operation is discovered by the ice hydraulics theory. It has drawn a conclusion that the cause of the new ice regime is that the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach fill up because of Long-Liu Reservoirs joint operation on the theory. It is pointed out that the water and sediment adjustment is one of the key measures for preventing ice jam and settling the new ice regime. The definition and calculation method of control ice jams compensation benefits are put forward in the paper. It indicates that the ice jam preventing minimum compensation benefits of Daliushu reservoir including the compensation benefits of eliminating ice jam disaster in Ningmeng river reaches, the compensation benefits of improving ice jam preventing standard of Ningmeng river reaches, the compensation benefits of compensating upper, reaches cascade reservoirs electricity generation, and that of compensating Liujiaxia Reservoir down reaches water using.更多还原