马克思意识形态理论及其演变

【作者】 余刚；

【导师】 胡为雄；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 自从特拉西提出意识形态概念以来,这个概念就踏上了一条曲折发展的道路。在这个发展进程中,它始终处在肯定和否定意义的波动之中。随着这个波动,意识形态概念的内涵也相应发生着变化,由此也就造成了这个概念备受关注同时又饱受争议的局面。在这个词的发展历程中,有两个因素尤其值得注意:一是马克思的奠基作用;一是哲学的融入。马克思第一次赋予了意识形态概念以深刻的批判性意义,这个批判性意义对后世的意识形态理论产生了深远的影响。这个影响之所以如此之深,在根本上是由于马克思的批判既富于深刻的哲学思想,同时又富于深厚的现实历史内涵。自此,批判性就成了贯穿意识形态概念发展过程的根本精神。哲学思想融入到意识形态概念中来,是这个概念在长期的发展中不断焕发出新的生命力来的重要保证。从最初马克思对德国古典哲学的扬弃,到后来马尔库塞、哈贝马斯、阿尔都塞等对现象学、结构主义、弗洛伊德主义等思想的引入,哲学让意识形态概念生发出丰厚的思想内涵来。澄清马克思意识形态概念的本质,进而考察整个意识形态概念的发展变化历程,是本文的总体思路。通过这个考察,我们也对我国理论界向来主张的“社会主义意识形态”概念提出了一定的质疑,我们认为解决这个疑问的最终依据仍当在马克思那里。论文分五章。第一章首先探讨了马克思意识形态概念诞生的理论前提。这个前提主要有两方面内容:法国启蒙主义哲学和德国古典哲学。以感觉为认识根基的法国启蒙主义哲学直接促使了特拉西的意识形态概念的提出;德国古典哲学、尤其是黑格尔哲学是马克思深刻思想力的直接来源。第二章考察了马克思意识形态理论的三个发展阶段。首先是前期对黑格尔法哲学的批判,此时的马克思已经来到了产生唯物史观思想的前夜;其次是中期对德意志意识形态的批判,马克思的唯物史观在此时形成,而马克思意识形态理论始终都是建立在唯物史观的地基之上的;最后是资本主义生产方式的批判阶段,这个阶段的马克思通过对商品二重性和剩余价值的揭露、通过对物化、异化现象的揭示,深刻展示了资本主义意识形态的虚伪和罪恶。第三章是对马克思意识形态理论中的几个核心问题的探讨。首先是意识形态与虚假意识的关系问题。文章指出意识形态的本质特性是虚幻、颠倒,但它不同于虚假意识。其次是意识形态与上层建筑的问题。这个问题包含两个子问题,其中最主要的是意识形态与观念上层建筑问题。文章认为二者之间是一个动态的关系,既有可以相等同之时,也有不可替代之际。关键在于认识到对马克思来说,意识形态概念的否定性是根本的。再次是意识形态与科学的关系的问题。意识形态首先在本质上是同科学相对立的,但同时也要看到二者之间不可截然分别。第四章是对马克思之后的意识形态理论的大致梳理。这里的线索是意识形态概念“肯定-否定-中性”的辩证运动形态。文章由此也就分别论及:正面使用意识形态概念的列宁和卢卡奇;批判意义上使用意识形态概念的马尔库塞、哈贝马斯;在否定意义上使用该词然而前后期思想又有变化的阿尔都塞;最后是在中性色彩上运用该词的曼海姆。通过这一章的描述,也就对马克思主义意识形态的演变历程有一个总体的领会。第五章是对中国的意识形态理论的考察。首先是对毛泽东意识形态理论的认识。其次是了解我国学界对待社会主义意识形态概念的态度。最后是根据马克思的意识形态理论对学界在意识形态问题上存在的一些歧义作了一定的澄清。更多还原

【Abstract】 The development of the concept of ideology has been in a winding course since it was firstly put forward by Tracy, the sense of the concept waving between positiveness and negative. With the variation of the sense of the concept of ideology, its meaning varies too, which leads to such a result that the concept has been both deeply concerned and highly debated on. Facing this fact, we should pay much attention to two factors, that is, the fundamental significance of Marx’s theory and the fusion of philosophy into the concept of ideology. Marx imposes for the first time the sharply critical significance on the concept, which has a long influence on the successors. It’s Marx’s deep philosophical thoughts and great comprehension of history that leads to such a huge influence. The criticalness has become the core spirit threading through the development of the concept since Marx’s use of the concept. It’s the fusion of philosophy into the concept of ideology that basically keeps the life of the concept always fresh. The outstanding use of philosophy, from Marx’s critically absorbing the spirit of German Classical Philosophy to the introduction of those philosophical thoughts such as Phenomenology, Structuralism, and Freudianism into the meaning of the concept of ideology, makes the contents of the concept far richer.The thesis aims to clarify the essence of the concept of the Marxist ideology and further study the development of the concept of ideology, resting on the final purpose of questioning to some extent the traditional use of the concept of the Socialism ideology by the researchers in our country. To solve this problem, we have to resort to Marx who is the actual origin of the theory of ideology.There’re five chapters in the thesis. The first chapter studies the theoretical premise of the birth of the concept of the Marxist ideology, that is, the French Enlightening Philosophy and the German Classical Philosophy. The French Enlightening Philosophy, based on sense, provides the motive for Tracy to create the new concept of ideology. The German Classical Philosophy, especially Hegel’s philosophy, is the direct source of Marx’s deep thinking. The second chapter studies the 3 stages of the development of the Marxist theory of ideology. Marx criticized Hegel’s philosophy of law in the first stage when he came to the doorway of the creation of the Materialistic View of History. Marx criticized the German Ideology in the second stage when the Materialistic View of History was born. It’s on the basis of the Materialistic View of History that the theory of the Marxist ideology was founded. Marx criticized the capitalistic production mode in the third stage when he revealed from the bottom the hypocrisy and evil of the capitalistic ideology through unveiling the dualism of the commodity, the surplus value, and the reification. The third chapter studies several core topics in the Marxist theory of ideology. The first one is the relation between ideology and the false consciousness. The thesis points out that the concept of ideology is different from the false consciousness, although the character of ideology is of illusion and inversion. The second topic is the relation between ideology and the superstructure. This topic includes two subordinate issues, among which the relation between ideology and the idealistic superstructure is the main one. The thesis asserts that the relation between ideology and the idealistic superstructure is dynamic, which means that there exists the possibility of their both equality and inequality, and that the point is to realize ideology is for Marx basically a negative concept. The third topic is the relation between ideology and science. The thesis proposes that they are basically different and should not be absolutely differentiated at the same time. The fourth chapter studies those post-Marx theories of ideology based on the dialectic movement of the modality of the concept between positiveness, negative, and neutrality. Thus the thesis separately gives an account of the theory of ideology by Lenin and Lukacs who use the concept in the positive sense, Marcuse’s and Habermas’s theories of ideology who use the concept in the negative sense, and Mannheim’s theory of ideology who uses the concept in the neutral sense. We can get a general grasp of the development of the Marxism ideology through the description in this chapter. The fifth chapter studies the situation of the concept of ideology in contemporary China. This chapter describes Mao Zedong’s theory of ideology at first, then introduces the traditional attitudes towards the concept of ideology in our research sphere, and finally clears up some misunderstanding of the concept of ideology based on the Marxism theory of ideology.更多还原