【作者】 章志都；

【导师】 徐程扬；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 森林培育学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 随着短线旅游和城市周边游的增加,以及城郊交通等基础设施的完善,北京市近郊森林无疑将成为容纳居民休闲游憩和锻炼的重要场所,恢复、提高和完善北京近郊森林景观已成为北京市森林经营工作的核心之一。本研究从单木景观、林内景观、视域近景、视域中远景等4个景观尺度对京郊低山风景游憩林资源进行系统调查；对京郊低山典型风景游憩林的林木质量与生长动态、林分质量与生长动态和景观斑块结构合理性进行研究；从上述4个尺度构建北京低山风景游憩林质量评价指标体系,并对其质量现状进行综合评价；针对京郊低山风景游憩林质量存在的问题,从单木质量调控、林分质量调控和斑块合理配置等方面提出北京低山风景游憩林质量调控的关键技术。主要研究结论如下：（1）对不同林分密度下油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）、山桃（Prunus davidiana）的树冠特征进行研究。结果表明,不同林分密度油松平均木和优势木枝长的轴向生长过程遵循“S”型曲线,优势木的轴向生长明显优于平均木但年际间变幅大；林分密度影响着山桃的树冠结构特征和开花量。高密度林分山桃的活枝下高分别比中（2500株／hm2-3500株／hm2）、低（<2500株／hm2）密度林分林木高20.0%和14.3%,树冠率则低于中、低密度林分个体16.7%,高密度（>3500株／hm2）；林分密度在一定程度上对一级侧枝的各种树冠形态参数产生影响,但不同处理间差异不显著,而对较高序级枝条的枝长度、基径、枝角和侧枝密度有显著或极显著影响；各序级枝条的基径随密度提高而增大,且与枝角呈负相关,与枝长度呈显著正相关；山桃总花量和花密度均表现为低密度>中密度>高密度,但不同林分密度之间的花密度差异不显著,不同密度林分中,各序级枝条的花密度均表现为低密度较高；在低密度（<2500株／hm2）林分中,各树冠层次中的枝条结构均有利于光的吸收,长短枝比例相对比较合理,建议山桃风景林的经营密度应控制在2500株／hm2以内。（2）分别对油松人工林、侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）人工林和山桃人工林的合理竞争指数指标进行筛选,其中,油松林和侧柏林适宜采用RCS竞争指数来拟合冠幅的生长,山桃林适宜CI_CV竞争指数作为因变量拟合树冠的生长。（3）在对油松、侧柏的直径和树高生长动态进行分析的基础上,利用生长量修正法对油松林、侧柏林的单木树冠半径生长动态进行模拟,建立不同立地指数侧柏、油松人工林不同竞争强度下林分密度表,并以油松林为例对间伐起始期、间伐量和间伐间隔期进行分析。（4）以油松和侧柏林木、林内景观、视域近景为研究对象,通过主成分分析得到各研究对象的主要美学质量影响因子；利用各景观要素的主成分得分值作为各研究对象类型划分新指标,用欧氏距离衡量各景观要素的差异大小,采用类平均法对各研究对象进行系统聚类,将油松林木和侧柏林木分为4个美学质量等级,将美景度值较高的林分景观、春景林和秋景林分别分为5、4和6种类型；并提出了5种林内景观经营模式、4种春景林经营模式和6种秋景林经营模式。（5）以各个尺度的景观要素主成分分析结果的基础,并吸收前人相关研究成果,采用层次分析法从单木景观、林内景观、视域近景和视域中远景等4个尺度（共41个景观要素）构建了京郊低山风景游憩林质量评价指标体系,并利用构建的评价指标体系对对北京市园林绿化局西山试验林场昌华景区风景游憩林的风景质量进行评价,该风景游憩林风景质量总体水平不高,综合值为32.33分,属于接近较好水平的一般等级,需进行质量调控。（6）提出了单木质量调控技术、林分质量调控技术和景观斑块配置的一般性原则。本研究成果可为京郊低山风景游憩质量评价和调控提供理论依据和技术支撑,并为国内其他地区风景游憩林质量提升和低效风景游憩林的评定提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 As toruism and travel aroud the city become more and more popular and the infrastructure has being improved, the forests in suburbans of Beijing have become a more important space for the residents to refresh and exercise. However, the poor quality of forest landscape and the shortage of recreational facilities can rarely meet the recreational needs. So, how to restore and improve the forest landscape becomes the key problem of the forest management in suburbans of Beijing. In this paper, firstly, the resource of scenic-recreational forest in suburbans of Beijing was systematically investigated from four landscape scales, including single trees landscape, in-forest landscape, foreground landscape and prospect landscape. Secondly, single tree quality and growth dynamics, stand quality and growth dynamics, and the arrangement of landscape patches were also studied. Thirdly, a comprehensive evaluation system of landscape elements was constructed on the four scales mentioned above. And the comprehensive quality of forest landscape in suburbans of Beijing was assessed. Lastly, some adjusting technics for improving the quality of scenic-recreational forests of diverse scales was put forward respectively.The main conclusions are as follows:（1） The crown characters of Pinus tabulaeformis and Prunus davidiana were studied. The results show that the elongation growth of branches of both average trees and dominant trees in different stock densities of Pinus tabulaeformis stands were following the curve as S. But the amount and interannual change of elongation growth of dominant trees were significantly higher than the average trees. And the crown structure character and flowers of Prunus davidiana were affected by stand density. Crown development was restrained in high density stand, so the height of the first live branch increases and caused the crown ratio to decrease, however, because of the competition between different individual trees, the crown width decreases as a result of the increase of stock density. Even though the differences of 1st branch with various stock density were not significant, the branch length, branch angle, basal diameter of branch and lateral branch density of other order branches were evidently influenced by stock density. And basal diameter increases with the increasing stock density. Length of branch significantly increased with its basal diameter but decreases with branch angle. Low stock density has a relatively reasonable proportion of branches and spurs. And the branch structure had more advantages for the photosynthesis of leaves in different crown depth and had a large quantity of flowers. Accordingly, the stock density of scenic forest of Prunus davidiana should be less than 2500 trees/hm2.（2） The reasonable competition indices of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation, Platycladus orientalis plantation and Prunus davidiana plantation were stuied. The result shows that the competition index of RCS was proper to construct the crown growth models of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation and Platycladus orientalis plantation, while the competition index of CI_CV is proper to construct the crown growth models of Prunus davidiana plantation.（3） Based on the analysis of the diameter and height growth of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation and Platycladus orientalis plantation, the crown diameter growth of the two type of forest was developed. And the stand density table for different cite indices in different competition indices was constructed respectively. Taking Pinus tabulaeformis plantation for example, the start time for tinning, the tinning intensity and the tinning plastochrone were proposed.（4） The main landscape elements of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis on the three scales of single tree, in-forest landscape and foreground landscape were studied by principal component analysis. Using principal component score of each research object as the new classification indices, the qualities of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis single trees were divided into 4 types, the in-forest of higher scenic beauty were divided into 5 types, and spring scenic forest and autumn scenic forest are divided into 4 types and 6 types respectively by cluster analysis. And 5 types of in-forest landscape construction models,4 types of spring scenic forest construction models and 6 types of autumn scenic forest construction models were also proposed.（5） By taking analytic hierarchy process on single trees landscape, in-forest landscape, foreground landscape and prospect landscape, a comprehensive evaluation system was constructed. By using the system, the quality of the forest landscape in Changhua was assessed. The result shows that the quality of forest landscape was little less than fair average quality and the overall value is 32.33 points, so the forest in the zone should be modulated.（6） The techniques for adjusting single tree quality, stand quality and landscape patches arrangement were proposed.The results not only provide the theoretical and technical support for assessing and modulating the quality of scenic-recreational forest in the Suburban Mountains in Beijing, but also help to improve and assess the scenic beauty of forest landscape in other regions.更多还原