【作者】 乌吉斯古楞；

【导师】 郑小贤；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 森林经理学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 长白山过伐林区由于人为影响和经营管理不善等原因,其结构逐渐被破坏、功能在退化,需要调整结构,恢复森林功能,提出合理的经营管理技术。本研究以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场过伐林中的针阔比为9：1、8：2、7：3的云冷杉针叶混交林为研究对象,在分析其树种组成、直径和空间结构特征的基础上,确定了其主导功能、经营目标以及目标结构,并对其进行了结构调整,提出了云冷杉针叶混交林经营模式。为恢复和改善云冷杉针叶混交林结构,提高其经营水平与整体效益提供依据。其主要结论如下：1.掌握了研究对象的树种组成、直径结构和空间结构。研究对象的主要组成树种为冷杉、云杉和红松,另有白桦、色木槭、椴树、杨树、榆树等混交的云冷杉针叶混交林。林分的针阔比为9：1、8：2和7：3。径阶株数分布呈反“J”型,随径阶的增大株数趋于减少。利用非线性函数的线性化方法,使传统的天然林直径分布的反“J”型曲线转化为直线形式,相关系数在0.91-0.99范围。研究对象分布格局,针阔比9：1的为随机分布、8：2的为聚集分布、7：3的为均匀分布；从大小比数来看林木生长处于中庸状态；混交度来看针阔比7：3的处于极强度混交状态,其它比例的云冷杉针叶混交林处于中度混交状态。2.研究对象的经营目标以生态效益为主,兼顾培育用材林。3.综合分析林分q值分布、稳定值、冠幅大小、蓄积生长量和更新特征等指标,确定了其目标结构,并对现实林进行了结构调整。4.提出了云冷杉针叶混交林经营模式。经营模式主要包括经营原则、经营目标、目标结构和结构调整理论与技术等内容,为长白山过伐林区云冷杉针叶混交林经营提供了理论依据和技术支撑。主要从树种组成、直径结构和空间结构三个方面确定了目标结构。树种组成：适合经营目的的针阔比为8：2和7：3,树种组成为冷杉占3～4成、云杉2成、红松2成,阔叶树种占2～3成。直径结构：径阶株数线性函数为：y=-aχ+b。天然林的直径结构线性表达比传统反“J”型曲线直观,且便于在实际经营中应用。调整其参数值即可达到调整林分结构,又可设计择伐强度和预估采伐前后的直径结构的作用。表明该参数在择伐作业设计中具有可操作性强,为天然林经营,特别是为择伐作业提供依据。空间结构：空间结构调整中,角尺度调整为随机分布；大小比数调整到中庸级占多数,劣势级林木调整至最低；混交度调整到极强度和强度混交的频率最高为宜。更多还原

【Abstract】 The structure of over-cutting forest region on Changbai Mountain is destroyed gradually and the functions are degenerated due to human impacts and poor management, etc. Hence, structure adjustment, forest function recovery and reasonable management technique recommendation are required. This study focuses on the spruce-fir mixed coniferous forest amid over-cutting forest in Jingouling Forest Farm governed by Wangqing Forestry Bureau of Jilin Province whose ratios, determines the leading function, management objectives and goal structure and conducts structure adjustment to the forest and then weighs in with the management mode of spruce-fir mixed coniferous forest based on the analysis of its tree species composition, diameter and space structure characteristics. This provides the basis for recovering and perfecting the structure of spruce-fir mixed coniferous forest and for improving its management level and overall benefits. The main conclusions are:1. Develop a knowledge on the tree species composition, diameter and space structures of the object of study.The major tree species composition of the object of study includes fir, spruce and Korean pine. In addition, broad-leaved birch, maple, bass, poplar and elm and the like mixes together to constitute spruce-fir mixed coniferous forest. Stand forest of coniferous trees to broad-leaved trees are 9:1,8:2 and 7:3.The diameter grade and number distribution is expressed in a reverse letter "J" and the number decreases with the increase of diameter grade. The linearization technique of nonlinear function is applied to enable the reverse letter "J" curve of diameter distribution of the traditional natural forest to be converted to straight line and to make the correlation coefficient fall between 0.91 and 0.99.The distribution patterns of the object of coniferous trees to broad-leaved trees are 9:1 random distribution,8:2 aggregated distributions and 7:3 uniform distribution; from the perspective of ratios, the forest growth is under middlebrow state; in terms of mingling degree, the 7:3 is intensely mingled and the spruce-fir mixed coniferous forest at other proportions is moderately mingled.2. The management objective of the object of study is determined as ecological benefit and keeping one eye on developing timber forest.3. The goal structure is defined on the basis of comprehensive analysis of such indices as stand value q distribution, stable value, crown size, volume increment and regeneration characteristics and structure adjustment is conducted to the real forest.4. The management mode of spruce-fir mixed coniferous forest is brought forth. The management mode includs management principles, management aim, objective structure, and management technology system of structural adjustment etc. To offer theoretical foundation and technical support for the management of spruce-fir mixed coniferous forest in the over-logged forest region of Changbai Mountain. Objective structure is mostly determained by tree species composition, diameter sturcture and space structures.Tree species composition:The ratios of coniferous trees to broad-leaved trees applicable to the management objective are 8:2 and 7:3. The tree species composition is fir 30%-40%, spruce 20%, Korean pine 20% and broad-leaved trees 20%-30%.Diameter sturcture:Linear function of diameter grade and number are:y=--aχ+b.The linear expression of diameter structure of natural forest is more intuitionistic than the traditional reverse "J" curve and is convenient for application in real management. The adjustment of its parameter values can play an immediate role in adjusting stand structure, designing selective cutting intensity and estimating the diameter structures before and after felling. This shows that this parameter is readily operable in the design process of selective cutting and thus provides basis for the natural forest management, especially selective cutting.space structures:For space structure, angle index is adjusted to random distribution; for the ratio, middlebrow class is adjusted to the highest proportion and forest at inferior class is adjusted to the lowest; the mingling degree would better be adjusted to the frequency that extreme intensity and intensity mingling.更多还原