【作者】 杨湘容；

【导师】 饶怀民；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 在中国几千年封建社会以及半殖民地半封建社会中,民变是长期普遍存在的一种社会现象。1902年——1911年,是清朝走向灭亡的时期,是一个比较微妙的时间段。这段时期,中国的国情纷繁复杂,在外面临着穷凶极恶的列强入侵；在内清朝政府业已衰相必露,正在进行着垂死挣扎。帝国主义国家既要利用清廷来压迫中国百姓,实现他们对中国的掠夺,又要时刻压制着清朝政府,不让其壮大；清廷则既要对侵略者奴颜媚骨以换取片刻的喘息,又想利用此喘息之机得到一定的发展,同时还要四处镇压民众反抗以“巩固”统治。因此,帝国主义国家与清朝政府貌合神离,尔虞我诈,直接的炮灰便是广大中国百姓。中国百姓时为二者共同压榨的对象,时为二者互相攻歼的工具,但是无论处在何种状况,他们都无一例外地生活在水深火热之中。因而,中国百姓迫于生计,不得不掀起了一波又一波的反帝反封建民变高潮。这些民变是清朝政府对外勾结妥协,对内滥施苛政的结果,同时,它们又反过来加速了清廷的灭亡。通常,史学工作者专注于从资产阶级革命派的作为或清朝政府本身方面寻找清廷覆灭的原因,却忽略了处在社会底层的广大贫苦百姓才是清朝灭亡的最直接的目击者与推动者。因此,对清末民变的研究,有助于我们从社会底层这个角度,由下而上地加深对晚清政府社会思想体系、政治体系、经济体系、军事体系以及外交体系的困境的了解。基于这点,笔者拟采用历史学、社会学、心理学等方法,以辛亥革命前十年间作为时间段,将其间民变的点与面、个别与总体整合起来进行系统研究,旨在将历史还原于世人面前,并分析其成败得失,总结经验教训,为后人提供借鉴。本文共分为五章。首先,在第一章中,笔者在罗列了历来史学工作者对民变概念的界定之余,也提出了自己的理解,认为民变是指包括农民阶级、无产者以及中下层民族资产阶级、学生群等在内的所有被统治被剥削的民众,为求生存而兴起的,以外国帝国主义的入侵和本国清朝政府以及地方当局的压迫等一系列不公正、不平等行为为讨伐对象的斗争,它具有自发性、分散性、斗争行为落后性、正义性四个特点。此外,笔者还对辛亥革命前十年间民变的研究资料和研究动态作了回顾和展望。第二章是分析民变发生的背景原因。自18世纪下半叶开始,清王朝已经走上了衰败的道路,帝国主义国家的政治经济入侵、肆虐横行的天灾、以及清政府自身的政治经济弊端等接踵而至。无论是国际处境还是国内形势,均向着一个令人堪忧的方向发展着。这种内忧外患、天灾人祸的历史背景是造成辛亥革命前十年间民变频繁的主要原因。第三章是分析辛亥革命前十年间民变的具体状况。以斗争内容为据,笔者认为可以将辛亥革命前十年间的民变分为4种：抗捐抗税斗争、饥民运动、反帝爱国运动、工人运动。这一章便是分门别类得将4种民变发生的具体状况、特点、政府的应对等进行分析。第四章是民变个案的研究,主要以1910年莱阳抗捐抗税运动和1910年长沙抢米风潮为实例,从微观角度研究民变。通过具体事例,我们可以清楚了解辛亥革命前十年间百姓的凄惨生活以及官绅漠视民众的丑恶嘴脸,从而切实体会到“官逼民反”。第五章是对辛亥革命前十年间民变的思考。作为近代中国社会主体的乡村和最大阶级的农民,其变动状况不能不影响和制约着近代中国政治格局的变迁。虽然,清朝是被资产阶级革命派推翻的,但如果没有民变运动的蓬勃发展,就没有资产阶级民主革命的高涨和革命时机的成熟,可以说,晚清政权是在农民暴动中走入近代,在民变峰起中走向灭亡的。这一章便是从民变的非理性以及民变对晚清思想统治体系的影响等方面着手来探讨民变对晚清时局的具体影响。最后是结论,我们通过考察辛亥革命前十年间民变发生的原因、状况以及影响等可知,以民为本,是治国的基石。其实民众很单纯,他们的要求并不高,只求轻徭薄赋,能有一块安生立命之所便足以。因此,政府治理国家,应当首以广大群众的利益为先,时刻体察民情,尽可能的为百姓谋求安居乐业的良好环境。在实施改革等重大举措时必须要审时度势,正确认识百姓的承受能力以及给民众所带来的切实利益,制定恰当步骤,按部就班,才有可能取得预期的效果,否则便易变乱四起,酿成巨祸。除此以外,要杜绝民变,还要从根本上改变民众的生存状态。这不仅需要国家营造的大环境,还须得注重教育,提高全民素质。这样不仅有利于用科技提高生产力,也有利于加强政府与民众之间的交流,使民众易于接受政府所制定的政策措施,减少因误解和流言所带来的不必要的冲突,让社会得到长治久安。读史是为了以古鉴今,对于历史教训的深刻反省和对于历史经验的正确总结,正是历史学的功能所在,广大民众如何更好得生活问题仍是我国亟需解决的问题,笔者希望能通过对辛亥革命前十年间民变的研究,来把握农民的基本心态与社会需求,为现今社会的发展提供绵薄之力。然而自己的想法和实际的研究能力和研究水平之间会有很大的差距。因此,本课题研究之中的不当之处,还请各位师长不吝指正。更多还原

【Abstract】 In China, civil commotion is one kind of social phenomenon of long-term common existence when during the time of semi-colony and semi-feudalism society. From the 1902 to the 1911, the Qing dynasty’s demise is comparatively. During this period, China’s national condition was numerous and complicated, the Qing dynasty faced with atrocious invasion of outside powers; and the government already declines to exposed, and being struggle with dying. Imperialist countries should take advantage of the Qing court to suppress the Chinese people to realize their exploitation in China, but also suppress the time of the Qing government to prevent its growth; Qing were both the aggressor pants in return for a moment’s respite, want to use this break to get some development, but also the people around suppressing resistance to "consolidate" rule. Therefore, a dubious imperialist countries and the Qing government, intrigues in each other, and direct cannon fodder in vast number of Chinese people who are squeezed together when the two objects, they become the tool of each other when conflicted, but no matter in what situation, they invariably live in misery. Thus, the livelihood of Chinese people forced to set off a wave of anti-imperialist uprisings climax. These civil commotion is the result of the Qing Dynasty government has colluded with a compromise, internal indiscriminate tyranny, while, conversly, accelerated the demise of the Qing court. Typically, historians focus on the bourgeois revolutionaries from the act or the Qing imperial government itself to find the reasons for destruction, but ignored at the bottom of the majority of poor people is the demise of Qing Dynasty, the most direct witnesses and promoters. Therefore, research on the Late Qing, help us to this point of view from the bottom, bottom to deepen the social ideology of the late Qing government, political system, economic system, military system and understanding of the plight of foreign systems. Based on this, I intend to use history, sociology, psychology and other methods to ten years before the Revolution as a time period during which people will change the point and face up to individual and overall system integration, to be history Reduction in the eyes of the world, and to analyze the successes and failures, lessons learned, provide reference for future generations.This paper is divided into five chapters. First of all, in the first chapter, the author listed on the China historians have always been changing definition of the concept, but also an understanding of their proposed that the change is that the people including the peasantry, proletariat and bourgeoisie middle and lower classes, student groups rule, etc, all exploited people, in order to survive and rise to the invasion of foreign imperialism and the Qing government and local authorities, national oppression and a series of unjust and unfair acts of the struggle for the crusade against the object, it with the spontaneous, decentralized nature, backward, and justice of the four characteristics. In addition, the author also Revolution Decade before the change of dynamic information and research were reviewed and prospects.The second chapter is to analyze the background of the reasons what caused th civil commotion. Since the second half of the 18th century began the decline of the Qing dynasty had embarked on the road, the imperialist invasion of the country’s political economy, rampant natural disasters, as well as the Qing government’s own political and economic disadvantages, etc. followed. Whether or international situation and domestic situation, are a worrying direction toward developing. This internal and external disasters caused by the historical background of decades before the Revolution of the main reasons people become frequent.The third chapter is to analyze the decade before the Revolution of the specific situation of the civil commotion. It is content to struggle content, I think it will be decades before the Revolution the people become divided into four kinds:Anti-Taxes in the struggle, the hungry sports, anti-imperialist movement, the labor movement. This chapter is the different categories have to be four kinds of changes occurred in the specific situation of the people, characteristics, the Government’s response were analyzed.Chapter IV is a case of civil commotion, mainly anti-Taxes in 1910 Laiyang movement and Changsha rice riot in 1910 as an example to research the civil commotion from the micro perspective. Through concrete examples, we can clearly understand the decade before the Revolution the people of the miserable life and gentry ignored the ugly face of the people to truly understand, "forcing people to rebel."Chapter V is the decade before the Revolution of the civil commotion. As the main body of modern Chinese society, the rural and the largest class of farmers, the change in status can not influence and restrict the changes of modern China’s political structure. Although the Qing Dynasty was overthrown bourgeois revolutionaries, but without the vigorous development of the people change movement, not the bourgeois democratic revolution and the revolutionary upsurge of the timing of maturity, It can be said that the late Qing regime is entered in the peasant uprising in modern times, changes in China since the demise of the peak. This chapter is from the civil commotion irrational thinking of the late Qing Dynasty rule system of the aspects of popular uprisings of the late Qing Dynasty to the specific impact of the current situation.Finally is the conclusions, and we passed inspection decade before the Revolution happened the reason of civil commotion, status and impact can see, people-oriented, is the cornerstone of the country. In fact, people are very simple, their demands are not high, just to low taxes, and can have a peaceful life enough. Therefore, the Government ruling the country, should be the first to the interests of the masses first, always the people, and as much as possible for people seeking a good environment to live and work. Major initiatives in the implementation of reform must be to assess the situation and the affordability of the people correctly understand and effectively brought to the public interest, to formulate appropriate steps that will be possible to achieve the desired effect, otherwise it will be turmoil everywhere, causing huge disaster. In addition, to prevent civil commotion, should fundamentally change people’s existence. This is not only necessary for the state to create the environment, should also be emphasis on education, improve the quality. This will not only help increase productivity with technology, but also help strengthen communication between government and citizens, so people easily accept the Government’s policy measures to reduce misunderstanding and rumors caused unnecessary conflict, so that society can have a long-term stability.Reading history is in order to light of history, history lesson for introspection and for the correct sum up historical experience, it is the function of history. How to make masses get a better life is still an urgent need to solve our problems, I hope that through the right decade before the Revolution the civil commotion research to grasp the basic attitude of farmers and social needs, the development of modern society modest means. However, their ideas and the actual level of research capacity and research can be huge gap between. Therefore, the research into the irregularities, but also hope teachers hesitate to correct me please.更多还原