【作者】 赖晨野；

【导师】 唐鸣；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 宪政与法治， 2010， 博士

【副题名】构建以完善社会自治功能为导向的农村社会组织机制

【摘要】 通过持续与均衡的现代国家构建,完成政治文明的根本转型,促使我国的政治形态从古典型走向现代型,从而跨越中国近代以来政治和社会发展的“历史三峡”,是长久以来中国执政者和国民的恒久追求。作为一个农民大国,农村社会和农民身上所标识的传统农业文明,是这场历史转型中最为艰难也是最波澜壮阔的历史图景。以村民自治为主要内容的农村民主建设是改革开放三十年来中国政治体制改革和民主政治建设的一个影响深远却又深具中国实践特点的政治、社会发展模式。农村民主前所未有地将农民从长久以来的历史阴影中显现出来,作为自主独立的主体,从而启动了中国农村政治文明深刻转型的历史动力。然而,三十年来的农村民主建设也逐渐开始触及一些深层次的矛盾和问题,尤其是进入新世纪以来,在农村民主实践全面展开和制度化水平不断提升的同时,也面临相当多的问题,出现“成长的烦恼”和“发展的困境”。无论理论界还是实践界都需要积极面对这种局面,深入思考新时期新阶段阻碍农村民主管理健全和完善的内在矛盾和机制,从而进一步推动农村民主的巩固和深化,并在深入总结农村民主发展机制的基础上,为整个国家的民主政治建设开发出有中国实践基础的知识资源。本文从村庄社会内部视角,以农村社会组织构建和社会自治能力发育为分析基点,探讨现代国家建构、社会组织和社会自治建设与农村民主发展之间的深刻联系,进而提出建构以社会自治功能为导向的农村社会组织机制,推动农村民主管理制度健全和完善的理论命题。文章通过对农村社会组织发育的基本状况、历史逻辑、现实的发展机制、社会组织运作对农民民主健全和完善的具体机制以及中国农村社会组织发展的保障机制等研究的基础上,综合考察了国外代表性国家农村社会组织建设与地方自治和地方民主建设之间的经验,从而提出农村社会组织建设实质上是中国农村现代国家建构新阶段的一种历史逻辑的产物,通过社会组织建设发展农村民主体现了新阶段国家建构和社区发育的新型结合模式。这种结合模式既体现了现代化中的农村社会的文明转型阶段对现代国家权力扩展和渗透的深刻需要,又立足于开发农村社会内在的组织资源和自治能力,并形成对国家建构的支撑和助力。同时,这种伴随现代国家理性权力扩展和渗透而建构起来的农村社会组织机制主要是以发展社会自治功能为目标,既有对国家权力的合法性支撑,也有对不合法的滥用权力行为的有效约制。有这样的社会基础作为支撑,农村民主必将顺利克服文明转型带来的深刻矛盾和急剧变化,开发出适合中国田野社会密码的新型民主发展方程式。最后,文章提出,我国的现代国家建构已经进入一个新阶段,它要求农村社会在国家赋权的基础上形成社会组织的网络,发展社会自治能力,从而与自上而下的国家的直接统治相结合,创造横向的社会认同一体化,进而将农村社会纳入可治理的市民社会中。正如英国工人阶级在为变成市民社会的一个阶级而奋斗的过程中,发现自己变成了国家的一个阶级,变成了资产阶级民主政治体系中一个合法的参与者,从而顺利实现了英国的现代转型和民主化一样,农村社会组织的建设和社会自治能力的发育也将在把农民变为可管理和规范的市民社会的奋斗过程中,将自己发展成为民主政治的一个坚实构件。更多还原

【Abstract】 Through sustained and balanced modern state building, the fundamental transformation of political civilization has completed. This may promote the Chinese classic political form to the modern political form in order to cross the "historical Three Gorges" of China’s political and social developments in modern times. It is also a permanent pursuit of Chinese rulers and the nationals. As a big peasant country, the traditional agricultural civilization which is identified by rural communities and farmers, is the most difficult and the most magnificent historical picture in this historical transformation. The democracy-building in rural areas whose main content is the villagers’ self-government, is a great political and social development model that has a far-reaching effect and its own characteristics in China’s political reform and democracy building over the past three decades of China’s reform and opening up. As never seen before, it emerged the farmers as an autonomous and independent main body from the shadow of the long-standing history, in turn to trigger the historical motivation of the transformation of political civilization in rural China.However, three decades of democracy-building in rural areas have gradually began to touch on some deep-rooted contradictions and problems, especially since the new century began. While the improvement of the institutionalization and the democratic practices promoting in an all-round way in the rural areas, we also found a lot of problems, such as "Growing Pains" and "development of the dilemma". Both the theoretical workers and practical workers need to face this situation, and think about the internal contradictions and mechanisms that restrict the improvement and the development of the democratic management in a New Stage, so as to further promote the consolidation and deepening of democracy in rural areas. At the same time, acquire the Chinese practice-based knowledge resources for the entire country on the basis of in-depth summary of the democratic development mechanism in rural areas.In this paper, through the internal perspective of the village bases, we will do some fundamental analysis on rural social organization and social democratic society capacity building. And then discuss the deep relation among the construction of a modern state, social organizations, social self-construction and the development of democracy in rural areas, and thus to build social self-government function oriented mechanism for social organization in rural areas, promoting the theoretical proposition of the improvement of democratic management in rural areas. This Article is on the basis of doing research on the general situation, historical logic, the reality mechanisms of the rural social organization development, the effect of the social organizations’ operation on the specific mechanisms which is about improving the integrity of farmers’ democracy and the security mechanism of China’s rural social organization’s development, comprehensively studying the experience among foreign representative National Rural society organizations construction, local self-government and democracy-building, to put forward that the building of rural social organization in rural China is essentially a product of historical logic in a new stage of building a modern state. Through constructing rural social organization to develop rural democracy, it reflects a new combination model of state-building in a new stage and community development. This combination model not only reflect that its deep needs of the extension and pervasion of the modern state authority at the modern stage of the transformation of civilization in rural society, but aslo bases on the development of rural society internal organization resources and self-government capacity, and form support and help for state-building. At the same time, such rural social organization mechanism which is constructed by going with the extension and pervasion of the modern State rational power, is mainly based on the aim of the development of social self-governance capability. It reflected the support of legitimacy of state power and also the effective restraint to unlawful abuse of power. Being supported by such social basis, the democracy in rural areas will smoothly overcome profound contradictions and rapid change that was brought about by civilization transition, developing a new democratic equation suited to China’s society field passwords.Finally, the article notes that the construction of a modern state in China has entered a new stage. It requires the rural community to form a social organized network on the basis of empowerment. With the combination of direct rule, the social organized network can not only develop the social self-government capacity but also create a horizontal integration of social identity, so that the rural society can be included in the governance of civil society. As with the British working class, in their process of class struggle for becoming a civil society, they found they are a class of the state that is a qualified participant in the bourgeois democratic political system. Therefore they smoothly realized the modern transformation and democratization of the United Kingdom. Aiming to be a solid component of democracy, the construction of rural social organization and the development of the social self-governing capacity are to make the peasants to be part of the civil society which can be managed and regulated.更多还原