【作者】 许远旺；

【导师】 项继权；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 中外政治制度， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 本文以湖北省农村社区建设实践为例,对中国农村社区建设的路径进行考察与分析,认为农村社区建设是一场规划性变迁过程,政府在其中扮演了积极能动者和行动主体的角色与功能,起到了动员、组织、引导、规划和推动的重要作用。与传统内发和自然生长的社区不同,现代意义上的社区主要是一种计划性或规划性社区,体现了国家由外向内进行整合和理性建构的特点。在乡村社区分化及认同流失的条件下,政府在规划性变迁中的主动性有其一定的积极意义及合理性。不过,政府主导的规划性变迁方式在现实中也存在一定的限度。新一轮农村社区建设能否取得成效不仅取决于人们对农村社区建设目标的重新认识与定位,而且也在相当程度上取决于政府推进农村社区建设的方式和机制。第一章对农村社区建设的缘起、背景、改革动因及实验进展进行了概括和分析,认为同城市社区建设一样,农村社区建设的兴起并不是实践中人们主观意愿或想象的产物,而是适应社会结构转型及乡村基层治理的需要。长期以来,单位制不仅是城市社会的基本组织形式和方式,而且也是我国乡村社会组织及农村基层治理的重要特征。这种僵化和封闭的机械整合方式在新形势下日益丧失其存在的经济社会基础及合理性。第二章对农村社区建设的试点和实验过程进行描述,从动态与静态相结合的角度对农村社区建设试点的动员过程、方式、体制安排及农村社区的试点类型与模式进行考察,并对转型期乡村治理的渐进改革模式进行了分析。第三章重点考察社区重建的主要内容和具体做法,一方面旨在从服务、管理、社区组织与邻里关系角度探讨和分析乡村社区化管理的动因与逻辑,另一方面也着眼于对新型农村社区的组织结构与制度基础进行具体考察。通过分析发现,近代以降,伴随“政权下乡”的同时,国家还采取了“服务下乡”这样一种更为隐蔽和柔性的渗透策略和方式。不过,国家在一步步加强对乡村渗透和控制的同时,却未能为乡村提供同城市一样充足的公共服务。这样一种二元制整合方式在新的历史条件下导致城乡矛盾加剧,引起人们之间的冲突和不满。社区平台的创设为实现从城乡二元整合向一体化治理奠定了组织和制度基础。第四章对农村社区建设的推进方式和实施机制进行考察,发现自上而下的行政动员和政府推动仍是当前农村社区建设的重要机制和方式。不过,在借助行政化的惯性运作机制和能量的同时,各级在具体推动该项工作过程中还引入了社会化参与、市场化运作、志愿服务等理念和方式。因此透过社区重建这扇窗口也可进一步观察政府行为方式与运作机制的嬗变与转型。第五章从政府理性人和政策执行的视角,对政府在农村社区建设过程中的政策执行行为、方式、表现进行具体考察,并对基层选择性政策执行行为的后果和影响进行了分析。第六章对政府推进农村社区建设的目标动机、行动逻辑、作用功能及其有限性进行考察和分析,了解乡村社区组织与制度变迁的生发机制和变迁路径。从基层治理模式转换与变迁的历史来看,乡村基层社会组织与管理体制的变革与民众需求、自发创造以及基层干部、中央自上而下的组织、规划、引导与支持密不可分,是一种“支助型”制度变迁过程。在此过程中,民众自下而上的需求压力与“倒逼”机制、地方领导的默认支持和回应机制以及中央自上而下的合法性确认和推动机制共同推进了制度变迁的进程。最后对本文的结论进行总结,认为农村社区建设是政府主导下的规划性变迁过程,各级政府在其中起到了动员、组织、引导、规划和推动的重要作用。不过,从根本上而言,农村社区是一定地域的人们基于内在认同和需要而形成的社会生活共同体,因此,国家在自上而下地建构社区的同时,应着力培育社区居民的“自立、互助、合作”精神,增强农村社区自我整合和发展的能力,在规划性变迁中实现国家理性与农民理性的有机衔接、良性互动。同时,在发挥政府主导作用的同时,应充分调动地方和社会的积极性、主动性、创造性,从而形成农村社区建设的合力。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation examines the path of rural community building in China, based on the case study of Hubei Province. It argues that rural community building is a process of planned change, in which governments at all levels play the positive role of agents and actors, and perform various functions such as mobilization, organization, guidance, planning and promotion as well.Different from traditional endogenous and spontaneous community, the community in modern sense is mainly a kind of planned community which reflects the characteristics of outside-in integration and rational construction by the state. Under circumstance of differentiation of community and the disappearance of identity, the government’s initiative in planned change has positive significance and rationality in practice to a certain extent. However, there are a few limits in the planned change dominated by governments in practice. Whether or not a new type of rural community could be established not only depends on the goals set and re-recognized by people, but also depends on the means and mechanisms promoted by the governments to a great extent.The first chapter summarizes and analyses the origin, background, dynamics of the reform, as well as the progress of the experiment. It points out that the rise of rural community building did not originate from people’s intention or imagination, but the adaptation to social structure change and rural grass-roots governance needs. This is similar to urban community building. For a long time, the work unit system (danwei) is not only the basic organization form of urban society, but also an important feature of rural society organizations and rural grass-roots governance. Such rigid, enclosed and mechanical integration methods are increasingly losing their economic and social base and legitimacy in the new situation.The second chapter describes the experiment and process of rural community building, and examines the mobilization process, methods and institutional arrangements of the pilot projects of rural community building, as well as its types and models. Then it analyses the progressive reform model of rural governance in a transformational period.The third chapter focuses on the method of rural community building. On the one hand, it explores the dynamics and logics of rural community building by service, management, community organization and neighborhood; On the other hand, it focuses on the structural and institutional arrangements of a new type of rural community. It argues that accompanied with the process of state’s penetration into the countryside, the state had adopted a more subtle and flexible penetration strategy named "delivering services to rural areas" after entering the modern era. However, when the state strengthened its penetration and control over rural areas, it failed to provide rural areas with adequate public services as cities. Such a dual integrating system may easily lead to conflicts and contradictions between urban and rural areas and arouse people’s dissatisfaction under the new circumstance. The creation of the community platform lays the organizational and institutional basis to realize the transformation from dual integration of urban and rural areas to integrated governance.The fourth chapter explores the ways of promotion and implementation mechanisms in rural community construction. It finds that top-down administrative mobilization and government promotion remain the important mechanisms and forms in the present community construction. However, depending on the mechanism and energy of executive-oriented inertial operation, the different levels of government also introduce socialized participation, market-oriented operation, voluntary services and even other concepts and approaches to facilitate the work during this process. Therefore, we can also further observe the evolution and transformation of behavioral patterns and functioning mechanisms of the government through the perspective of community construction.The fifth chapter examines the governments’ policy implementation, methods, and performance in the process of rural community construction from the perspective of rational governments and policy implementation. Then it discusses the impact and consequences of the selective policy implementation at grass-roots.The sixth chapter studies and analyses the motivation, logic, and the function of government’s role in promoting rural community construction, as well as its limitations, the generation mechanisms and institutional change of rural community organization. In the viewpoint of the transforming and changing history of grass-roots governance model, the reform of rural social organization and management system is closely tied with the joint efforts of peasants, cadres and national leaders. It claims that it is a kind of "state-sponsored" change propelled by public needs and the pressure mechanisms from the bottom, the acquiescent support and responsive mechanisms of local cadres, as well as the legitimization and promotion mechanisms of the central government.In summary, it argues that the rural community construction is a planned change led by governments, in which all levels of governments play an important role such as mobilization, organization, guidance, planning, and promotion, etc. However, in essence, rural community is formed by people’s internal identity and mutual needs within a certain area. Therefore, it is not sufficient to build community by the state from top-down. Meanwhile we should cultivate the spirit of "self-reliance, mutual aid and cooperation" among community residents, strengthen rural community’s self integration and development capabilities, and realize the organic link-up and positive interaction between national rationality and peasant rationality in the planned change. Besides, when the government plays a leading role, we should also bring local and society’s initiative into the full play, and thereby form the joint efforts of rural community construction.更多还原