先秦军事法思想研究

【作者】 朱晓红；

【导师】 方光华；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 专门史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 先秦军事法思想,是对先秦时期军事领域法律现象的理论化认识。本文以思想史与军事法学的交叉研究,运用思想史与社会史相结合、历史分析与法律分析相结合的研究方法,立足于中国古代思想文化固有特点,将军事领域法律现象的理论化认识,置于先秦以礼、法嬗变为核心的国家法度中,作一历史梳理。本文研究的主要问题有：一、结合中国古代文明起源的独特性,探求军事法思想的起源。认为：祖先崇拜与战争,是促使夏、商和西周早期国家形成的两个重要因素。“刑始于兵而终于礼”,是对中国古代军事法独特发生路径的典型概括。先秦军事法,最早表现为部族战争中产生的军事刑法。西周时期,在“宗法结合封建”的“维新”制度下,“礼”从原始社会的氏族习惯,发展为国家法度,惩罚违礼而致犯罪的方式则有战争与刑罚两种。从此,战争开始从单纯的弱肉强食,演进为具有政治和道德属性,并形成以礼来规范军事事项的军事法——军礼。二、结合西周、春秋“宗法结合封建”制度的产生和演变,以作为国家法度的“礼”之产生和演变为背景,对“军礼”这一古代军事法的独特形态,进行深入、细致研究。认为：“以军礼同邦国”是西周、春秋军事法思想的核心内容,其实质是对邦国僭礼行为的军事惩罚、对夷狄干扰中原礼治秩序行为的讨伐。“军礼”在秩序建构上反映了“军事”与“法”,在政治目的和军事需求上的矛盾发展,即军礼秩序建构上宗法性与军事性的矛盾发展,这一过程最终导致军礼衰落、礼坏乐崩。三、结合儒家、法家和战国黄老对周礼的反思,探讨三家为解决春秋战国长期战乱,在政治、社会新秩序建构中包含的军事法思想。认为：儒家主张“齐之以礼、道之以德”,在对周礼的继承和改造中,试图将军事事项的规范重新纳入礼制范畴；法家以对周礼坚决的批判精神,主张通过“以法治国”、富国强兵而“以战去战”；战国黄老则强调“道生法”而“刑德相养”,通过礼、法并治,主张“平战分治”又“平战结合”。三种不同解决战乱的军事法思想,反映了先秦国家法度从礼到法的嬗变。本文从基本常见文献资料出发,在思想史与军事法学相结合的交叉研究中,以“先秦军事法思想”这一独特视角,试图探索古代文明演进中,富国强兵与追求和平相结合的宝贵思想。中国古代思想文化中,以良好政治、社会秩序建构来解决战乱的智慧,是整个人类追求秩序与和平的宝贵财富。更多还原

【Abstract】 The thought of military law, which was originated from Pre-Qin periods, is theorization system for law phenomenon in military field. With the comprehensive research methods of intellectual history and military law, of intellectual history and social history, of historical and law analysis, this paper points out the characteristics of traditional ideas and culture, historical research theorization system of law phenomenon in military field at the angle of national law which includes the development between Li and Law.Main problems which this paper point out includes:Firstly, This paper tries to seek the origin of military law from the characteristics of traditional civilization. It thinks ancestors worship and war were two important elements which urged early nation formation such as Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. "Xing(penalty) begins with Bing(War) and ends up with Li(ceremony)", is the classical summarization for unique develop way of ancient military law in China. The thought of military law during Pre-Qin periods was showed military criminal law originated from clan war. In West-zhou dynasty, "Li" was developed from clan habits of primitive society to national law which includes war and penalty. Since then, war came into political and moral nature, and formed military law of ruling military items by law——Jun-li(Military ceremony).Secondly, based on the background of origin and evolution of "Li" as national law, this paper deep and careful researches "Jun-li(Military ceremony)" which was a special pattern of traditional law. "Unite nations with military ceremony" which was punished action of violate ceremony with military means, is main content of military law in West-zhou and Chun-qiu dynasties. "Jun-li(Military ceremony)" reflected the contradictory development between "Military" and "Law", between political purpose and military demand. So the contradiction of Jun-li(Military ceremony) lead to its decline lastly.Thirdly, this paper compares military laws among Confucian school, Legalists and Taoists in Zhan-guo dynasty. Through inheriting and reforming Zhou-li, Confucian school tried to rule military items by Li(ceremony). Legalists insist on ruling nation by law and making nation stronger to stop war. Taoists in Zhan-guo dynasty thought "Laws originated from Tao" and emphasized rule nation by Li(ceremony) and law. All of these shows three kinds of military laws which emerged the developing clue of national law from Li to law.From the unique angle of "military law during Pre-Qin periods", this paper attempt to explore the historical development of traditional civilization and the value ideas of making nation stronger and seeking peace. Chinese wisdom which solved war chaos with fine political and social order construct, is valuable wealth to pursue order and peace for human being.更多还原