基于S-C-P范式的中国劳动力市场结构解析

【作者】 孙妍；

【导师】 韦苇；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 发展经济学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 劳动力市场是关键的要素配置市场,连接生产和消费两个领域,对国民经济和社会发展至关重要。目前我国经济发展中的诸多不良现象体现在劳动力市场上,如失业、收入分配差距拉大、农民工问题以及大学生就业难等等。许多学者从劳动力总量过剩以及城乡分治的就业制度等宏观角度对这些现象进行了解释。这一研究思路基于制度分析,通过总量描述经济现象,提出的政策建议多有雷同。本文基于产业组织理论的S-C-P范式,着力于劳动力市场结构的分析,从结构的角度解释当前劳动力市场绩效低下以及种种不良市场行为的成因,进而通过结构、行为以及绩效之间的相互影响提出劳动力市场的绩效改进建议。基于以上研究目的,文章首先分析了从行业角度进行劳动力市场结构研究的可行性,并提出“基于内生优势的双边垄断”这一理想的劳动力市场结构。而后选取行业数据,分别对我国行业劳动力市场的买方势力与卖方势力进行了测量,并通过双方市场势力的对比,发现行业间劳动力市场结构的重大差异。研究发现,劳动力卖方市场势力主要取决于劳动者的人力资本状况及其所在行业的属性,处在政策性垄断行业中的劳动力,基于对行业垄断利润的分享以及“内部人”的管理体制,加之人力资本价值可以得到更充分地体现使其市场势力明显。相反,竞争越激烈的行业,劳动者市场势力越薄弱,并且户籍因素依然弱化着劳动者的市场力量。对于劳动力买方,其垄断力量来源于国有就业作为大买方所形成的市场势力以及劳动供求关系失衡所赋予雇主的买方势力。经过对劳动供求双方市场势力的对比,发现以上两种形式的买方垄断几乎涵盖了国民经济各个行业,因此提出我国为“双重买方垄断”的劳动力市场结构。最后,本文对我国目前劳动力市场结构的行为和绩效结果进行了简单分析。结论是国有就业对劳动力市场的垄断形成了国有单位的内部劳动力市场以及垄断性的劳动力供给,相当于对劳动力实施了后向一体化,其直接后果是国有就业劳动力市场的封闭和狭窄,以及挤出效应所导致的非国有就业劳动力市场的拥挤。这不仅形成劳动力市场的所有制分割,使社会公平以及就业扩张受到影响,并且强化了非国有就业领域的买方垄断势力,使我国劳动力市场体现出明显的“强资本、弱劳工”格局。与此同时,供求失衡型买方垄断则造成了劳动力市场的过度竞争,使劳动力价格低水平徘徊、人力资本投资受阻,消费需求受到抑制、收入分配差距拉大,劳动参与率居高不下,最终使经济增长受到影响。对比理想的劳动力市场结构,文章提出弱化劳动者外生垄断力量、打破国有就业的封闭性、激活工会职能、加强人力资本投资以及发展劳动力市场的中间层组织,形成信息—技术—保障三层次的市场运作机制是平衡市场势力,营造健康有效的劳动力市场机制的重要途径。本文的创新之处体现在：第一,运用微观及中观分析方法,以S-C-P范式为基础,从市场结构角度解释了我国劳动力市场存在的种种不良现象及其绩效影响,进而提出差异化的政策建议；第二,基于我国大规模、大范围劳动力流动以及劳动力市场分割的现状,尝试从行业角度对劳动力市场的结构进行了测量,并基于测量结果提出了“双重买方垄断”的劳动力市场格局；第三,鉴于对市场结构的研究多是针对卖方所进行的单边研究,本文尝试了对劳动力买方市场势力的测量,实现了对劳动力市场供求双方市场势力的量化分析与对比；第四,构建了理想的劳动力市场结构——“基于内生优势的双边垄断”,从而为劳动力市场绩效的改进提供了思路。更多还原

【Abstract】 The labor market, as the key factor market which links the areas of production and consumption, is essential to the national economy and social development. At present, many problems in China’s economic development such as unemployment, widening of distribution gap, the issue of migrant rural workers and university students’employment are reflected in the labor market. Many scholars attempted to explain these problems from a macro-perspective, which involves such things as the difference of urban and rural employment systems and surplus labor force. These researches are based on institutional analysis and describe economic phenomena aggregately; as a result, many of them came up with identical suggestions. Based on the S-C-P theory, a paradigm of industrial organization, this dissertation analyzes the interrelationship between structure, conduct and performance, and investigates various factors that cause the poor performance and all sorts of undesirable practice in the labor market from a structural point of view. In conclusion, some recommendations are provided towards the improvement of the performance in labor market.In the first part, the dissertation analyzes the feasibility of industrial research of the labor market structure and advances "a bilateral monopoly labor market based on endogenous advantages", an ideal labor market structure. Then it evaluates the seller’s and the buyers’ market power of China’s labor market respectively and make a comparison between them according to the industrial data collected. As a result, significant structural differences are found between the industrial labor markets.In the second part, the study reveals that the power of labor market supplier is mainly determined by the workers’human capital and the nature of the industry in which they were employed. The workers in the monopoly industries have significant market power because of the profit-sharing and the "insiders" management system together with the influence of their human capital value can be fully measured. On the contrary, those in the industries that undergo heated competition have weaker market power than their counterpart, at the same time, the Household Registration System further weakens the labor’s market power. As for the buyers’side, the buyers’monopoly power rooted in the major market share of the state-owned employment and the imbalance of labor supply and demand, which endued employers with monopsony force. The comparison between the employees’and employers’market power reveals that the two kinds of monopsony dominate almost all sectors of the national economy. Therefore, the writer draws the conclusion that China’s labor market structure is a "Dual Monopsony" pattern. In the last part, the conduct and performance of China’s current labor market structure is analyzed. On one hand, the state-owned monopsony formed the state-owned enterprises’ internal labor market and the labor supply monopoly, which put the labor into backward integration. As a consequence, the state-owned employment in the labor market comes into a self-closed and narrow state, while the non-state-owned employment is in congestion. This not only amounts to the ownership segmentation of labor market, but also does harm to social equity and the expansion of employment. As a result, the labor market is in an obvious "Advantaged Capital and Disadvantaged Labor" situation. On the other hand, the monopsony caused by excessive supply brought about the excessive competition of the labor and made the wage fluctuating around the low level, human capital investment blocked, the consumer demand restrained, income distribution gap widened and the labor participation rate remaining high, which eventually affects the economic growth. After making a comparison between the ideal labor market structure and our current situation, the writer suggests that we should balance the market power and create an effective mechanism for the labor market by weakening the exogenous monopoly power, breaking the closure of state-owned labor market, activating the functions of trade union, strengthening human capital investment, developing the intermediate organizations of the labor market, and forming a three-component labor market mechanism which includes information, technology and security.The main innovations of the dissertation can be summarized as follow:Firstly, the S-C-P paradigm and structural description are applied in the research; the negative phenomena and performance effects in China’s labor market are analyzed from both micro-perspective and meso-perspective; some recommendations are provided for the formulation of policy concerning labor market. Secondly, considering the large-scale, large geographic mobility and labor market segmentation in our country, the labor market structure is measured from the industry perspective, and based on this measure, a "Dual Monospony" labor market situation is presented.Thirdly, rather than a unilateral study which only focuses on the sellers’side of labor market as many former researches did before, this research attempts to measure the buyer’s market power and compares the buyers’market power with the sellers’market power. Fourthly, this dissertation advances an ideal labor market structure——"a bilateral monopoly labor market based on endogenous advantages", thus further light is thrown on the improvement of the labor market performance.更多还原