二元经济结构理论与中国城乡一体化发展研究

【作者】 李冰；

【导师】 何炼成； 茶洪旺；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 发展经济学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 世界各国城乡关系都经历了乡村孕育城市、城乡分离、城乡对立、城乡融合的过程。发达国家已经基本上经历过这些过程,实现了城乡融合。而发展中国家还普遍处于城乡分离或城乡对立阶段,还需要寻找实现城乡融合的路径。西方经济学家在研究发展中国家经济结构时,发现发展中国家一个共同的显著特征：就是二元经济结构。二元经济结构理论认为：二元经济结构是指以传统生产方法进行生产的、劳动生产率极低的农业部门,和以现代生产方法生产的、劳动生产率和工资水平较高的工业部门。由于二元经济结构理论揭示了发展中国家的经济结构本质特征,所以,这一理论被国际经济学界普遍所采用。我国是一个典型的发展中国家,具备二元经济结构理论所描述的发展中国家具有的特征。改革开放以来,我国经济发展受到了二元经济结构理论的影响,但是,与其他发展中国家不同的是,我国具有悠久的发展历史,人口众多,尤其农业人口长期占人口较大比重,工业不发达,这又使得我国表现出与其他发展中国家不同的特点,所以我国经济发展不能完全依靠二元经济结构理论。本文经过对经典二元经济结构理论以及我国城乡一体化理论与实践的研究,在吸纳前人在研究城乡关系上所取得的有益成果的基础上,提出科学的城乡一体化内涵,那就是在生产力水平高度发达的基础上,系统考虑城乡经济社会发展,通过城市与乡村的相互作用、相互补充,最终形成全体公民平等共享人类文明、发展成果的城乡融合、协调的社会结构。本文特别强调,城乡一体化是我国学者为消除我国二元经济结构提出的新理论,是国外二元经济结构理论和我国城乡具体实际相结合的理论成果,城乡一体化的重要目的是要使城乡人民能够共同公平享受经济社会发展所取得所有成果。城乡一体化理论与二元经济结构理论的关系是本文一个重点。城乡一体化是为消除我国二元经济结构、城乡差距而提出的新理论,无论从理论还是实践上看,城乡一体化与二元经济结构理论是相互联系、相互补充完善的。经过分析,本文认为：二元经济结构理论是城乡一体化的理论渊源,为城乡一体化理论的形成、发展提供了理论依据,为城乡一体化实践提供了指导。同时,城乡一体化理论的提出扩大了二元经济结构理论的研究外延,丰富了二元经济结构理论的研究内涵,进一步完善了二元经济结构理论。而我国改革开放以来城乡一体化发展、探索又是消除二元经济结构的实践创新,可以说,城乡一体化是中国式的二元经济结构理论。经过对建国以来城乡经济发展所取得的成就,以及依然存在的城乡差距的分析,特别借助于对陕西省城乡关系的实证分析,得出二元结构是我国城乡差距存在并逐渐扩大的根本原因。由此,本文提出我国城乡一体化建设,必须要有切实反应我国经济社会特点的城乡一体化理论作为理论指导,要突破二元经济结构理论的局限性。城乡一体化的发展重心在农村,需要重点塑造农村内生发展动力,同时,必须借助城市部门的外在助力,在城、乡双方合力下,促成城乡一体化的实现。本文针对我国经济社会发展不平衡、城乡差距较大的特点,提出三个主要的城乡一体化发展路径。第一,城镇化路径。也就是创造条件转移农村剩余人口,使分散的农村走向集中,同时,扩大城镇规模,增加城镇数量,让更多农民走进城市,享受到高质量的城市生活。第二,产业化路径。基于塑造农村内生动力为主要出发点,积极发展农村各种产业,努力探索农村产业化的各种路径,使农民除了有农业收入外,还有非农产业等更多收入渠道,最终使农村找到自立、自强的发展路径。第三,制度创新路径。制度是影响城乡融合、阻碍城乡走向一体的重要因素,通过制度创新,解除束缚城乡一体化的种种桎梏,为城乡一体化建设创造健康、良好环境,为城乡一体化的顺利实现提供制度保障。更多还原

【Abstract】 The relationship between urban and rural areas all over the world has experienced a similar procedure of which cities grew out of villages originally, then isolated, opposed from each other, and integrated finally. The developed countries have experienced the procedure and finished the integration of urban and rural areas basically. However, most developing countries were still in the separation stage, those countries need to find proper ways to achieve the goal of integration. During the studying of the economic structures in developing countries, some western-country economists found a common character of developing countries that all of those countries have a dual economy structure, that means there were a ineffective agricultural department performs with traditional methods, which accompanied with an effective industrial department performs with advanced methods. The theory of dual economy structure theory reveals the essential character of developing countries’economy accurately; it was broadly accepted and adopted generally by international economic circles.China is a typical developing country which has the character described in the dual economy structure theory like other developing countries. The economic development has been affected by the dual economy structure theory since the application of Reform and Opening policy. However, unlike other developing countries, China has a very long history, large population of agricultural, and undeveloped industry, all these characteristics make China was different from other developing countries, so, the development of China can not only rely on the dual economy structure theory.Based on the useful results that the precious has achieved, this article puts forward a scientific view of urban-rural integration through study of classical dual economy structure theory and the practice of urban-rural integration, that is to form an harmony social structure through the interaction and complement of urban and rural areas based on highly developed productivity, considering systematic economic and social development. Urban-rural integration is a new theory that Chinese scholars proposed to eliminate the dual structure; it was a theoretical results which foreign dual economy structure theory and the specific realities of urban and rural have combined. This article emphasized on the important purpose of urban-rural integration to enable all urban-rural people could fairly share whole results of economic and social development.The relationship between urban-rural integration theory and dual economy structure theory is a focus of this article. Urban-rural integration is a new theory that is for eliminating the dual structure and urban-rural gap of china. Both theories are related and complemented to each other, the dual economy structure theory is the urban-rural integration’s theoretical origin, provides a theoretical basis for the formation and development of urban-rural integration theory, provides the guidance for the practice of urban-rural integration. At the same time, the urban-rural integration theory expands the study of dual economy structure theory. It can be said that urban-rural integration is a chinese-style of dual economy structure theory.Analyzed the achievements that China has obtained since 1949 and the gaps still between urban and rural areas, especially the practice analyzing of Shaanxi Province, this article draws that dual structure is the main reason which made the gap between urban and rural areas and expanded the gap gradually. Thus, this paper proposes urban-rural integration must been guided by the urban-rural integration theory which can reflect China’s economic and social characters. It must break through some limitations of the dual economy structure theory, at the same time, it must rely on urban sector’s external assistance to encourage the integration of urban and rural areas with both efforts.Aiming at the characters of China’s unbalanced economic and social development to eliminate the large gap between urban and rural areas, this paper proposes three paths of construction of urban-rural integration:The first is urbanization. It means to create conditions for the transfer of rural surplus population to centralizing rural people, at the same time, to increase the number of cities and towns and expand the scale of them to adopting more and more farmers transferred into city and enjoy a high quality life.The second is industrialization. To increase farmers’income from agriculture and other non-agriculture fields by shaping of the inherent power of rural areas, developing of various industries and exploring all useful paths of rural industrialization, let farmers find a self-reliance, self-development route eventually,. The third is institutional innovation. Institution is the important factor which affects urban and rural integration and the innovation of institution could create a favorable environment and providing a system guarantee of urban-rural integration by rescinding all institutional shackles.更多还原