明中期关陇作家群研究

【作者】 师海军；

【导师】 郝润华；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 明代中期是中国迈向近世社会的重要过渡时期,一方面,政治统治相对开明,皇帝力图中兴,大力拔擢人才,出身下层的士大夫纷纷登上了历史舞台,他们均以天下为己任,不避权贵,敢于直言进谏,史家称之为“仁宣之治”；另一方面,历经百年的明代政治统治已出现了衰朽的征兆,宦官专权,吏治腐败。经济上,随着“开中制”的推行与海外贸易的开拓,大大促进了商品经济的发展,出现了资本主义的萌芽,与其相适应的是具有近代启蒙意识的新的社会思想也开始出现,而在如此急剧变化的时代,关陇士大夫以其惯有的“敢为天下先”的气概走在了历史进步的前列,他们的代表人物有李梦阳、康海、王九思、吕柟、马理、胡缵宗、韩邦奇、韩邦靖、张治道、赵时春、王维桢等人,他们虽然出身下层,许多人有着浓郁的商人背景,但均关心国事,以天下为己任,他们以文学为武器,倾诉着一己对社会和命运的不同看法,在明代中期引领了狂飙突进的文学革新运动,他们的思想虽然随着仕宦的浮沉有着不同程度的转变,但其早期以“尚情求真”为核心的文学思想与创作无疑有着近代的因子。本文以文化地理学与地缘文化学中的人地关系理论为前提,运用原型批评理论发掘其地域文化的潜意识,用理论概括、文本分析与史料考证相结合的方法,在考证、辩惑的基础上对明代中期——弘治、正德、嘉靖年间关陇地区的文人群体作全面、细致、深入、系统的研究。文章首先从雄深雅健的关陇文化个性、关陇地区商业、科举、教育的发展以及关陇地区的主体思想——关学等方面分析关陇作家群形成的原因。从明代“前七子”说法的形成及其本原来探求明代中期的文坛中坚力量,廓清了文学史上长期以来困扰人们的迷雾,认为关陇作家群才是这一时期的主导力量,接着对于明代关陇作家群的具体形成和发展进行了论述,对于关陇作家群人员组成及其别集流传进行了详细考述。选取不同时间段关陇作家群中的核心人物李梦阳、康海、吕柟、张治道作为其交游的中心人物,详细地考证了他们与其他关陇人士的交游状况,论证了明代中期的关陇人士是交游密切、联系紧密的文人群体。接着论述关陇作家群的文学思想与他们的文学创作,分别从整体与个案两个方面切入,在文学思想上,虽然由于关陇人士政治的失意,其文学追求有所改变,但他们早先提出的以“尚情求真”为核心的文学思想在明代文坛无疑影响深远,对于后人总结的、为人们所熟知的“文必秦汉,诗必盛唐”的文学理论进行的辩说。个案方面,对于李梦阳“真诗乃在民间”在文学史上的重要意义重新进行了肯定,对于李梦阳传记文的成就进行了论证。人们惯常总是以“李何”或“何李”来指称明代中期的两位重要作家——李梦阳、何景明,而对当时的文坛领袖康海却忽视不见,本文论述了康海的文学成就及其在明代中期的文学地位。王九思在明代文坛也是一位及其特殊的人物,其年寿颇高而又迭经变迁,通过他的文学思想与创作的变化,可以一窥明代中期文风转圜变迁的过程。其他关陇人物如马理、韩邦奇、韩邦靖、杨爵等理学家的文学思想与创作、胡缵宗的文学思想、创作成就及其对于明代南北文风融合的影响、张治道与王讴的诗歌创作、王维桢的文学思想及创作均在本文的论述范围之内。通过本文的研究,我们可以发见明代中期的关陇文人的文学思想和文学创作,直接影响了明代中后期的文学风气,甚至对近代文学的发端也不无裨益。明代中期的变革,人们更多地把目光转向王阳明所引领的“心学”,孰不知李梦阳与王守仁交往密切,同是明代风气的革新者,甚至从时间上看,关陇作家群引领的复古运动与阳明心学的兴起几乎同时,甚至还要稍早一些。王阳明起先也是向李梦阳学习古文辞的,后来才转向儒学并进而悟道,故而李梦阳与王阳明可谓“同质异构”；吕柟与湛若水在南京也颇多往来,甚至曾被黄宗羲看作“几与阳明氏中分其盛”的人物。我们惯常固有的观念总是认为明清之后陕西在全国的文化地位日益式微,通过此课题的研究——对明代弘治、正德及嘉靖年间关陇文人的文学思想及文学创作的考察,可以看到当时即后来很多江南的文人士大夫都受到了他们的影响,许多人甚至直接出自他们的门下,使我们能够重新正视明代这一重要的文人群体,他们是当时文学创作的中心,或中心之一,他们的影响是全国性的。此课题的研究,也可以填补明代地域文学领域的学术空白,为全面地了解明代文学、明代文化乃至中国近世社会的变化提供有益的帮助。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Ming Dynasty intermediate stage is the important transition period China advances to modern times society, on the one hand just took a seat emperor tries hard the resurgence, the upper formation politics rule is relatively enlightened, selected the talented person vigorously, family background lower level scholar-officials has stepped into the historical arena in abundance, they taken the world as own duties, did not evade the powerful official, dared to speak frankly admonishes the emperor, the historian called that it "governed of RenXuan"; On the other hand, presented the decrepit indication after hundred year Ming Dynasty politics rule, officials despotism, the administrative eunuch and achievements of local officials has been corrupt. In economy, while "opens makes" with the ultramarine trade development, promoted the commodity economy development greatly, presented the capitalism seed, what with its adapts has the modern initiation consciousness new social thought also to start to appear, but in the so rapid change’s time, closed the Guanlong literary intelligentsia was used to some take it "to dare as the world first" the spirit to walk in the historical progressive front row. Their representative personage has Li Mengyang, Kang Hai, Wang Jiusi, Lu Ran, Ma Li, Hu Zuanzong, Han Bangqi, Han Bangjing, Zhang Zhidao, Zhao Shichun, Wang Weizhen et al., they, although the family background lower level, many people have the rich merchant background, but cares about the national affairs, take the world as own duty, they take the literature as the weapons, is pouring out a oneself to social and the destiny different view, has eagerly anticipated the hurricane advance literature innovation movement in the Ming Dynasty intermediate stage. Although their thought along with is a public official the vicissitude has the varying degree transformation, but its early time "asks take emotion really" has the modern factor without doubt as the core literature thought and the creation.This article take in the cultural geography and the geography cultural science’s person relations theory as a premise, excavates its region culture using the prototype criticism theory subconscious, summarizes the method which with the theory, the text analysis and the historical data research unify, in the research, debates in the foundation which is puzzled to the Ming Dynasty intermediate stage--Hongzhi, Zhengde, Jiajing year to close the Guanlong area the writer community to do comprehensively, careful, thorough, system’s research. The article first argue from vigorous, deep and elegant Guan Long area’s the culture individuality, reseach Guanlong area commercial, the imperial civil service examination, the education development as well as closes Gansu area aspects and so on main body thought -Guanzhong area to analyze the reason which Guan Long the writer group forms. "First seven" the view formation and the source seek the Ming Dynasty intermediate stage from the Ming Dynasty the literary arena nucleus, cleaned up in the history of literature to puzzle the people since long the dense fog, thought that Guan Long writer group was this time leading force. Then the writer group specifically formed regarding Ming Dynasty Guan Long with the development has carried on the elaboration, the writer group personnel composition and the collected works spread regarding Guan Long carries on has tested in detail states. The key player who selects is different when in compartment Guan Long writer group’s key person Li Mengyang, Kang Hai, Lu Ran, Zhang Zhidao takes it to make friends, researched them to make friends in detail the condition with other pass Guanlong writer group, has proven Ming Dynasty intermediate stage Guan Long writer group is makes friends closely, the relation close writer community. Then elaborates Guan Long the writer group literature thought with theirs literary production, separately cuts into from the whole and the case two aspects, in literature thought that because although closes the Guan Long the writer group politics to be frustrated its literature pursue to change, but they previously proposed "asks take emotion really" as the core literature thought in the Ming Dynasty literary arena profoundly, summarizes, "the article which regarding the posterity knew very well for the people to the Qin and Han Dynasty, the poem probably the glorious age of Tang poetry" the literature theory carried on debates. The case aspect, "the real poem has carried on the affirmation regarding in the folk" in the history of literature important meaning, the biography article’s achievement has carried on the proof regarding Li Mengyang. The people regularly always emphasize two important writer--Li Mengyang and He Jingming "what or "He Li" claims the Ming Dynasty intermediate stage by Li He", but neglected to literary arena leader Kang Hai then does not see, this article elaborated the Kang Hai literature achievement and in the Ming Dynasty intermediate stage literature status. Wang Jiusi in the Ming Dynasty literary arena is also the special character, its year long-lived is quite high and the repeat passes through the vicissitude, as soon as through his literature thought and the creation change, may peep the Ming Dynasty intermediate stage literary style swivel vicissitude the process. Other Guanlong character like Ma Li, Han Bangqi, Han Bangjing, principle scientist’s and so on Yang Jue literature thought and creation, Hu Zuanzong literature thought that creation achievement and regarding Ming Dynasty north and south literary style fusion influence, Zhang Zhidao and Wang’ou poetry creation, Wang Weizhen literature thought and creation is in this article elaboration scope.Through this article research, we may send Guanlong group write who sees the Ming Dynasty intermediate stage writer’s literature thought and the literary production, immediate influence Ming Dynasty mid and late part literature atmosphere, even also has to the modern literature’s start. Ming Dynasty intermediate stage transformation, the people more change the vision "the heart which study" Wang Yangming eagerly anticipates, who didn’t know that Li Mengyang and Wang Shouren associates closely, with is the Ming Dynasty atmosphere renovator, even from the time, Guan Long the writer group eagerly anticipates restores the old the movement and engages in introspection positive study emerges nearly at the same time, even must earlier some. Wang Yangming was also at first studies the ancient literature to Li Mengyang, afterward only then changed Confucianism and then grasps principles, therefore Li Mengyang and Wang Yangming "tautomerism"; Lu Ran and Zhan Reshui in the Nanjing also quite a lot intercourse, even once is regarded as by Huang Zongxi "several and in bright the minute its abundant" the character.We regularly the inherent idea always thought in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Shannxi declines day by day in the national cultural status, through this research--to Guan Long writer’s literature thought and literary production’s inspection of the Ming Dynasty Hongzhi, Zhenede and the Jiajing year, may see at that time namely were afterward many south of Yangzi River the writer literary intelligentsia to come under their influence, many people even directly stem from their hanger-on, enables us to face up to the Ming Dynasty this important writer community, they were at that time the literary production center, or one of central, their influence was nationwide:This topic research, may also fill the Ming Dynasty region literature domain the academic blank, to understand comprehensively the Ming Dynasty literature, the Ming Dynasty culture and even the Chinese modern times society’s change provides the beneficial help.更多还原