城市社区群众文娱社团研究

【作者】 邹昊平；

【导师】 孙惠柱；

【作者基本信息】 上海戏剧学院 ， 戏剧戏曲学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 在中国大陆城市的社区中有各种各样的群众文娱社团,这些社团很多是自发形成的,也有不少是街道或者居委会名下的社团,目前尚无对此类社团比较详尽深入的研究。本论文从人类表演学的视角对这些社团进行研究,分析的切入点是社团行动的目标——纯粹娱己还是表现型娱己。因为表演的本质就是“展示行动”,所有“展示行动”的人类行为都可以被框架为表演,作为人类表演学的研究对象,因此纯粹娱己就是“行动”而表现性娱己就是“展示行动”,这是本论文划分社区群众文娱社团的一个重要标准。以四个具有典型性的社团为案例,我比较分析了这四个社团不同的行动目标,以及由此产生的不同的社团组织结构和行动模式,在进一步分析了影响社团行动目标和模式的各种因素,包括:参与者的年龄层次、社团的活动内容和政府部门的影响后,我得出如下结论,在这些因素中最重要是政府的影响,包括直接影响和间接影响。政府对于社团的影响体现在:对于街道/居委会社团,政府决定了社团的行动目标,也因此决定了社团的组织结构和活动模式,手段包括提供活动的场地、师资、表演和比赛的平台等。而对于民间自发的社团,政府的间接影响体现在,政府控制了绝大多数可以供民间社团的活动场所,并拥有支配权,可以优先分配给它所希望给予的社团;政府还可以通过媒体宣传等方式影响社团的知名度,从而影响其社会生存空间和获取资源的能力。在此基础上,我将政府部门和社区群众文娱社团的关系置于国家与民间组织的关系这个脉络之中,通过回顾国家与社会,国家与民间组织关系的历史发展,得出如下结论:首先,国家就是出于对社会的统治需要而诞生的,所以它有着控制民间社会的内在动力。传统社会,由于生产力水平、技术水平的局限,国家对民间社会的统治只能通过乡绅集团和民间组织的中介间接达到。而随着中国向现代国家转型,国家机器对于民间社会的控制也日益加深。其次,中国传统社会是家国一体,国家和民间组织的关系并不是对立的,国家对民间组织是既利用又限制,而总体上民间组织是依附于国家的。最后中国共产党从一个反现政权的组织,到获取革命成功,有一个重要的手段就是通过开展群众文娱活动,通过群众文娱社团掩护自己、团结大众、宣传思想、发动运动等,最终夺取了政权。因此,1949年之后,中国共产党继续把开展群众文娱活动和组织群众文娱社团作为开展各种政治、社会运动的手段途径。在单位制时代,国家对于民间社会,包括个人文化娱乐活动以及社团都进行了组织,使得整个社会从上至下,方方面面都呈现出政治化、组织化的色彩。而改革开放之后,国家虽然从很多领域退出并鼓励民间社团一定程度的发展,但是一旦意识到民间社会失控的潜在危险后,马上调整了政策,对于民间组织、社团采取了分类控制的方法,对于不同的社团采取从扶持鼓励到限制、压制甚至取缔的对策。目前政府对于社区群众文娱社团的管理也是一个细化的分类控制体系。当然,民间社团尽管在“强国家弱社会”的格局下受到很大的限制,但是民间社团都是积极的行动者。不同行动目标的社团根据自己的情况采取不同的措施,比如归化政府部门或者和政府部门合作等。而对于一些边缘社团来讲,在不越过政府底线的情况下,通过与主流价值观的切割,创造出自己的空间和评判标准。最后,我对政府与社区群众文娱社团关系未来发展的作了展望,并建议政府采用更有弹性的、间接的调控手段。更多还原

【Abstract】 There are various kinds of grassroots cultural and entertaining groups in China’s city residential communities. Some are completely spontaneously founded and the others are subordinated to departments of residential government. Few researches are focused on this sort of grassroots groups yet. This thesis analyzes such groups in the frame of Performance Study, with Richard Schechner’s concepts of“doing”and“showing doing”as the main analyzing tool. Because the core definition of performance is“showing doing”, all the human behavior of“showing doing”could be framed as performance and became the object of Performance Study. The main standard I use to group those grassroots cultural and entertaining groups is“completely self-entertaining”or“entertaining through showing”, which is parallel to“doing”and“showing doing”.I select 4 typical groups as study cases. First I compare the acting purposes of these 4 groups and their different organizational structures and ways of actions. Then I discuss the main factors which influence the different purposes, structures and ways of actions. As a conclusion, I find the government plays an important role in the performance of nearly all grassroots groups, directly or indirectly. The government decides the acting purposes, structures and ways of acting of their subordinating groups. The measures the government takes include resources providing, such as places, tutors, chances of performance, etc. To those completely spontaneously founded groups, most of the potential places they can use are controlled by the government and priority hierarchy is decided by the government. Besides, the government can use the mass medias to influence the groups fame thus changes their living spaces and resource-getting abilities.On the basis of comparing and analyzing, I put the relationship between the government and the grassroots cultural and entertaining groups in city residential communities in the context of the relationship of the nation and the society. By retrospection of the relevant histories, I make the following conclusions:First, nation came into existence in need of ruling the society, thus nation has strong motivations to control the society. In ancient China, nation ruled the society through the media of local squire class and organizations due to the limitation of the productive force and techniques. But with the transformation of China into a modern country, the controlling power of nation on the society keeps growing. Second, the political philosophy of traditional China is that nation is nothing but a big family. Therefore the relationship between nation and the non-government organizations of the society is more interrelated than resistant. Basically, the non-government organizations rely on nation. Last, one of the most important reason that Communist Party of China(CPC) turned itself from an opposition party to the ruling party is to make use of cultural and entertaining activities. It provided shelters to political activities, united the mass, spread the ideas and theories of Communism and waged campaigns. As a result, CPC continued the strategies of using the cultural and entertaining activities and relevant groups to fulfill political and social aims. During the period of“Society of Unit”, nation reorganized the society is every aspect, including personal entertainment and leisure activities after work. The society became more political and organizational. After the reforming and opening of the country, nation made a big recession from many areas and encouraged the development of the non-government groups and originations. However, as soon as it realized the huge risks of losing control of the society due to some events, nation adjusted its policies to the non-government groups and originations which is called classifying control system, that is to adopt different policies towards different groups according to their potential political challenging abilities and public products providing abilities,the same to the cultural and entertaining groups of the city residential communities.Of course, the grassroots groups and non-government organizations are active performers although in the background of“Strong Nation vs. Weak Society”. Various groups and organizations take different coping measures according to their purposes, from subordination to cooperation. To those marginal groups, by keeping the ultimate rules of the government, they create their own spaces and standards by cutting off from the mainstream values.At the end of the thesis, I prospect the future development of the relationship between the government and the cultural and entertaining groups of the city residential communities and make some suggestion to the government to adopt more flexible and indirect controlling measures.更多还原