【作者】 王如鹏；

【导师】 宋宝安；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 社会学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 面对中国农村老龄化的到来,如何解决中国农村养老保障问题,仁者见仁、智者见智。本文在分析国内外农村养老社会保障经验及各种农村养老保障理论的基础上,找出经济发展模式与养老保障模式之间的对应关系。即小农经济对应的是家庭养老保障,集体经济对应的是集体养老保障,社会化大生产对应的是社会养老保障。所以,解决农民养老问题的根本途径就是破除小农经济,发展现代化大农业,实现农业产业化、规模化、工厂化和农村城市化,提高农民收入、增强农民参保能力,培育适合社会养老保障制度生存的经济和社会基础。为此我们必须进行农村土地制度的改革,建立主体明确、产权明晰的农村土地制度,实行完全市场化的农村土地流转,实现城乡经济一体化。对于养老保障模式,由于中国农村幅员辽阔,各地的经济、文化、社会发展不平衡,必须从实际出发,以土地流转作为突破口、以居家养老为立足点,以社区服务产业化为核心,综合各方力量建立统一多样性的农村养老保障体系,逐步实现养老保障的城乡统筹。更多还原

【Abstract】 Hundreds of millions of peasants will enter old age. How to solve the peasants pension problem in rural areas is one of the biggest problem in China now.The traditional family pension model can not meet real needs.As a tradition for thousands of years of family pension model,with the changes of the family population structure and the increases of dependency ratio,the family pension model doesn’t work before the aging situation.The decline of the collective economy makes the collective old-age pension decline.The weakening of land guarantee function undermines the basis for old-age pension of peasants. It’s timetoesablish and improve the rural old-age pemsion system.However,Different people hold different opinions at what kind of old age pension model of peasants should be established and what is the specific path.But there is an agreement on the establishment of social old-age pension.At 2006 Central Committee on Agriculture , Document No. 1 pointed out that "the establishment of the rural social old-age pension system which is compatible with the level of rural economic development and other guarantee measures."The same year, The 6th session of 16th National People’s Congress of People’s Republic of China make sure to establish many kinds of rural pension system. In September 2009 ,the State Council issued pilot guidance regarding the development of new rural social pension system in the conditional place of nationwide. All these are preparations for National Rural old-age pension system in 2020. This shows that the conditions are not ripe to establish uniform national system of rural old-age pension system . From 1986 to the present, the construction of the social pension system has been in the exploration and pilot phase. Up 20 years, why has not set up it? The key lies in "conditional place" too little.In order to establish a rural old-age social pension system throughout the country and to achieve the unity of urban and rural old-age pension system,it must have a certain "conditions."What’s the condition?It is significant to look for this "condition".The scholars generally regard the Government’s fiscal revenue and fiscal transfer payment capacity as the establishment conditionsof rural old-age social pension.This paper argues that China’s establishment of rural old-age social pension system conditions are not per-capita GDP or revenue, but agricultural modernization based on the transfer of rural land. For rural old-age social pension system,the fiscal revenue is an important condition but not the fatal condition. Because some low-income countries also set up a more comprehensive rural social old-age social pension system. The significance and innovation of this paper is to find basic conditions which rural old-age pension found.Through research,It is found that there is a relationship between old-age pension model and countryside economic model: small-scale economic corresponds to old-age pension model; collective economy corresponds to collective old-age pension model.Large-scale socialized production corresponds to the social old-age pension model. To establish a rural old-age social pension system, it is necessary to change the small - model of agriculture and realize agricultural modernization.It’s the only way to solve the pension problems of peasants fundamentally.Innovation and Main point of this article :First,Innovation of perspective.When it comes to the foundation of the rural old age pension, most people study it from the financial transfer payment abilities or from the country’s economic strength and per capita GDP. This article study the problem from point of view of Rural land reform, the establishment of rural land transfer mechanism,the realization of agricultural modernization. We should solve the problem based on the realization of agricultural modernization From an economic perspective to study the problem of rural old-age pension. China’s cities and towns have established a relatively sound social old-age pension system, because the production and living of urban residents is a form of a high degree of socialization which is based on a high degree of division of labor and cooperation. Many functions of the family, especially the old-age pension function has been transferred to the professional institutions of the society . However, China’s rural areas still in the small-mode, the family is not only the most important production unit, but also bearers of old-age pension. The current rural areas, the division of labor is not obvious.Hundreds of millions of peasants and families repeats the same agricultural activities. In such an economic model, if the population structure refresh between natural regeneration, without shrink, pension within the family can be maintained.It lasts thousands of years. However, the implementation of China’s family planning policy has disrupted the normal structure of population growth, there has been abnormally high proportion of elderly population of the aging of the population structure. Coupled with urbanization, industrialization, the widening of urban-rural income gap.Such as "Becoming old before becoming rich" factors makes the family can not assume the important task of the rural old-age pension any longer.We must follow the road of socialized mass production,change the small-peasant economy model of development and prepare conditions for social old-age pension.Second, modern agriculture is the fundamental way to solve the rural old-age pension problem. The basic features of modern agricultue are science and technology of agriculture, the socialization of production, industrialization, intensification and commercialization. Its development will promote implementation of rural industrialization, agricultural production in form of factory and rural urbanization. Modern agriculture separates peasants from land.It liberates land and peasants. The peasants become into the agricultural workers. Namely, After transferring their land, peasants can work in the factories of towns or stay in the local farms or other agricultural economic cooperation organization.Like the residents of cities, peasants become a real proletariat except for their own labor.Peasants should ought to equally enjoy the social pension insurance.At the same time, modern agriculture includes the integration of sector, production, supply, sell, trade, industry, services of agriculture. It form a more systematic large industrial chain between the division of work and cooperation. The extension of the agricultural production chain can increase jobs opportunity which can resolve surplus labor problem in the agricultural sector.In addition, modern agriculture includes agricultural production and processing, transport and trade ,which keep the profits of these related fields remained in the agricultural sector, All these will increase the income of farmers. So modern agriculture establish the basis of social foundation and economic fundamentals for the old-age social pension system, layingThird, speed up the reform of rural land system and promote the realization of agricultural modernization. A prerequisite for the development of modern agriculture are the rural land system reform and the rural land turnover marketly. But China’s current rural land system with a welfare nature, given the land protective function.Land is divided in accordance with the population of rural.Land can not mortgage, lease, contract management rights can not be sold which strengthen the small-scale peasant economy model.This economic model has reached its limitation of the history. The land,the house and other production, means of subsistence of of the peasants can not be turned into the flow of capital.They can not enter the market circulation or reflect the value of the wealth of contemporary society.They are only ensure the survival conditions of the peasants.At present, China’s land requisition system make the commercialization of land values are transferred to the hands of local governments.Farmers can not benefit from it. Reform measures: First, state own the land at the same time giving the peasants a long-term rural land use rights, integrating with the urban land-use rights system. Generally 30 to 70 years. According to law,rural land use rights (including the right to use house sites) can be transferred lease, mortgage, so that the peasantss of the land enjoy full property rights. On the basis of clear property rights and clear responsibilities and rights,we should establish a sound rural land transfer market and complementary financing system of land ownership which guide land transfer and optimize the allocation of agricultural resources and conduct large-scale agricultural operations and develop modern agriculture and realize the transformation of agriculture.We should optimize agricultural resources, scale of operation in agriculture, develop modern agriculture,realize agricultural transformation and upgrading.Do some preparing for scale, intensive farming and factory; second, abolish the current land acquisition system so that peasants can become the subject of rural land market.The value of the commercialization of rural land is left to peasants to promote the innovation of peasants’ employment, The ability of urbanization is increased. Rural industrialization, urbanization and urban and rural integrated development are ultimately realized.Fourth, To establish a unified diversity of old-age pension pension system is an effective method to solve the problem. As the vast of Chinese countryside, economic, cultural and social development are significant differently.We must start from reality and fully take into account of the local economic, cultural differences and play the role of traditional culture. The land transfer is a breakthrough.Old-age home pension is a base point.We should collect all kinds of forces and establish a multi-level, different,however unit rural old-age pension system. Specific method is: first ,we establish a unified national old-age social pension in rural areas.Anyone of the rural peasants of working age should participate. In order to ensure the sources of funding, we need to reform the land tax system.The rural land transaction tax and value-added tax of rural land (including national requisition of rural land transactions DRC)given to the central.The central government designated this part of the income into the rural areas of national old-age pension fund; Secondly, the implementation of the agricultural old-age pension system.Anyone who participate in agricultural production all participate in the insurance. The main source of insurance funds is the "direct subsidy." by the state.These two kinds of insurance are compulsory which will be carried out. In some areas of domestic (for example, Hainan District, Shenzhen, and Chengdu, etc.) already have mature experience.We shouldn’t be a pilot for several decades and put off indefinitely.We must implement at the national wide..Ferthermore,In some areas where conditions permit can implement the agricultural co-operation of pension insurance system and personal savings pension insurance system. These two kinds of insurance on a voluntary basis.National policy gives support in terms of taxation in stead of giving financial inputs.In addition,We should strengthen the old-age public service supply.Establish old-age service stations which can implement old-age pension service industrial management.The state gives financial and tax support which ensure its low-cost operation.更多还原