【作者】 王彦伟；

【导师】 丁荣贵；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 管理科学与工程， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 尽管项目管理相关理论研究取得了丰富的成果,对项目管理实践起到了很好的指导作用,但项目的失败率却依然居高不下,研究者们开始认识到以项目团队为主要关注对象的项目管理并不足以解决项目所面临的所有问题,开始将关注焦点从项目团队转向团队外部更加广泛的利益相关方。而随着组织间分工协作态势的加强,多个组织共同参与完成一个项目的情况越来越普遍,项目中需要各个利益相关方组织共同参与、协作完成的活动越来越多,因此,稳定可靠的项目利益相关方关系成为项目成功的关键因素。为建立和维护这种关系,必须将研究视角从项目管理提升到项目治理。论文就项目利益相关方关系的构建基础、.建立过程及保障措施等内容进行研究,主要内容分为以下三个部分：第一部分,即论文第一章和第二章,对当前项目利益相关方管理的有关研究进行回顾,分析现有研究的局限,提出项目利益相关方关系是该研究领域的重点内容,这种关系本质上是一种治理关系,可以从项目治理的视角开展有关研究。基于现有项目治理研究现状与趋势,选择基于角色过程视角的项目治理研究作为本文的研究基础,并通过与相关研究的比对分析,可以看出该研究的视角及主要研究内容具有较强的针对性,适合选择独特性和临时性的项目作为对象进行研究。该部分还对论文研究所需的理论基础进行了梳理,为论文主体部分的研究提供理论支持。第二部分,即论文的第三章、第四章和第五章,对用于建立和维护项目利益相关方治理关系的过程进行研究。该部分主要包含三个方面的内容：(1)提出对各利益相关方所承担的项目治理角色进行划分,是研究和构建项目利益相关方治理关系的基础。通过分析项目治理角色的内涵和来源,借鉴产品工程领域有关产品设计的原则和方法,提出了基于项目利益相关方需求挖掘、项目产品设计、项目方案设计和治理角色划分等环节的关联过程,形成基于利益相关方需求的项目治理角色划分方法,实现了项目利益相关方与其所承担项目治理角色的量化关联；(2)在对利益相关方承担的项目治理角色进行划分的基础上,提出各利益相关方参与项目的过程,本质上就是各利益相关方通过承担项目治理角色来参与项目并获得期望收益的过程,项目利益相关方之间的治理关系可以简化为一种博弈关系,进而通过分析项目治理角色的博弈过程来研究项目利益相关方之间的治理关系。为了使各利益相关方的收益最大化,各方需要进行合作,从而使得各相关方之间形成合作博弈关系,通过构建项目利益相关方合作博弈模型并求解,可以得到项目收益分配方案。考虑到利益相关方参与项目的预期收益不确定的实际情况,借鉴模糊数学相关理论和方法对对合作博弈的边界条件进行了拓展,并对求解方案进行了改进,提出了非完全合作博弈中的利益相关方收益分配方案,使其更符合项目的现实状况。(3)为了得到公平合理的最大收益,项目利益相关方之间需要建立合作博弈关系,而关系的形成依赖于一个事前约定的、具有约束力的合作协议,该部分通过设定项目利益相关方关系的保障措施,来促进参与项目的利益相关方之间达成合作协议,从而在参与项目的利益相关方之间形成和维护稳定的治理关系。第三部分,即论文第六章,基于项目利益相关方治理关系的建立和维护过程,选取有代表性的案例进行应用演示,并对最终的应用结果进行分析讨论。分析结果表明,在项目中明确各利益相关方的角色及其治理关系,可以有效改善项目绩效、提高利益相关方的满意度,从而促进项目成功。本文基于治理的视角对项目利益相关方进行研究,借助治理理论、角色理论、质量功能矩阵、合作博弈理论、模糊数学理论等,研究如何形成并维护项目利益相关方之间稳定的治理关系,得到以下结论：1.项目利益相关方的治理角色可以通过改进的动态质量功能矩阵得到。本着“获得收益多,承担工作多”的原则,利益相关方对项目提出的需求多,他们自然在项目中承担的治理角色会多。借鉴和使用图论中最大流原理及方法,对产品设计领域的质量功能矩阵等工具进行改进,实现了利益相关方需求与项目治理角色之间的动态关联与映射,并确定了各利益相关方需求与项目治理角色之间的量化关系。2.项目利益相关方之间的治理关系可以简化为一种博弈关系,根据项目预期收益不确定的现实情况,借鉴和使用模糊数学的理论方法和工具,对合作博弈的求解方法改进,提出了项目中更加合理的收益分配方案,并根据项目预期收益不确定的现实情况,借鉴模糊数学的有关理论和方法,提出基于模糊的项目收益时各利益相关方进行非完全合作博弈的收益分配方案,确保收益分配的公平性和合理性,并通过设置项目利益相关方治理关系的保障措施,确保项目利益相关方收益的最合理方案能够实现。3.通过案例分析与应用,证明项目利益相关方治理关系的实现过程在项目实践中的可行性。本文选取的案例项目涉及利益相关方众多,关系复杂,项目工期紧、任务重。论文中设计的项目利益相关方角色划分过程、收益分配的实现过程和治理关系的保障措施,均可以在案例项目中进行有效运用,表明论文的研究成果在项目实践中是可行的。本文以“项目利益相关方的关系”为研究对象,以基于角色过程的项目治理为研究视角,突破了原有的基于过程视角和结构视角的项目利益相关方研究,提出了模糊项目收益下的利益相关方非完全合作博弈的收益分配方案及其保障措施,主要的研究创新在于以下几点：1.研究视角创新尽管目前关于项目利益相关方管理的研究逐渐增多,但是大多研究都针对单个利益相关方进行研究,对不同利益相关方之间的关系进行研究还为数较少。本文以“项目利益相关方的关系”为研究对象,以项目治理尤其是基于角色过程的项目治理研究为视角,设计了对利益相关方治理关系的形成和维护的统一过程,实现了用一个统一的框架来研究并建立不同项目中的利益相关方治理关系,进而丰富和完善了基于角色过程视角的项目治理理论。2.研究方法创新对项目利益相关方关系的研究广泛涉及到社会学、管理学、经济学、运筹学等多个学科领域,本文采用文献分析、演绎和个案分析的方式开展研究,将产品设计、质量管理、合作博弈等领域的研究方法和工具进行了改进,在研究方法上具有一定的创新性。(1)提出了项目利益相关方期望挖掘的亲和图方法(Affinity Diagram)尽管利益相关方参与项目是为了满足自身需求,但是这种需求是原始、模糊、笼统的,只能称为利益相关方的期望。项目的目标无法对这些期望进行有效的整合。本文提出项目利益相关方期望挖掘的亲和图方法,利用利益相关方期望之间的亲和性对其进行结构化整理,作为定义项目目标的重要依据。(2)创造了基于网络最大流的动态质量功能矩阵方法(Dynamic Quality Function Deployment)创造了基于网络最大流的动态质量功能矩阵方法,该方法能够实现利益相关方需求与角色的定量关联,实现利益相关方需求量与其承担项目治理角色量对等的原则,为得到基于需求量的治理角色及其责任提供解决方法。(3)设计了模糊项目收益下利益相关方非完全合作博弈的收益分配方案为了将合作博弈的研究方法和工具能够在项目中进行应用,针对项目预期收益不确定的现实情况,论文借鉴和使用了模糊数学中有关截集的思想和方法,突破了合作博弈的研究局限,得到非完全合作博弈的利益相关方进行事前模糊项目收益分配算法,为保证利益相关方对项目的持续投入提供解决方案,使其更具有现实意义和应用价值。3.实践应用创新将对项目利益相关方关系的研究成果应用到具体的项目实践中,突破了原有以项目管理知识指南(Project Management Body of Knowledge, PMBOK)等项目管理的一般理论体系为指导的项目管理范畴,在实践应用方面具有一定的创新性。项目利益相关方治理理论的完善与促进对相关领域的研究也具有重要参考价值,不仅具有重要的理论意义和现实意义,而且具有长远的研究价值和广阔的探索空间,希望今后继续对上述问题做进一步探讨。更多还原

【Abstract】 The corresponding theories on Project Management have got abundant achievements, which act as a beneficial guidance to the project management practice, however, there is still a high rate about the unsuccessful project. Researchers have started to realize that project management, which puts project team as the main concern, is not sufficient to solve all the problems in project. They start to focus on external stakeholders outside project team. As the increase of cooperation among different organizations in one project, it is more popular that many organizations participate in a project and more and more project tasks need multi-stakeholers’ collaboration. Therefore, it becomes more and more important to build stable and reliable relationships among project stakeholders. To establish and maintain these relationships, we must change the research perspective from project management to project governance.This dissertation focuses on the essence, establishment and maintance of the relationships among project stakeholders. It mainly contains these following three parts:The first part, which contains the first and second chapter, reviews the related research on project stakeholders management and then points out that’Relationships’ should be one key content in this field. In fact, this relationship is one governance relationship; accordingly studies should be based on project governance. Concerning to the current studies and future direction on project governance, this dissertation takes ’roles and processes’ as the basis for the following study. This perspective can be adapted to study projects which have uniqueness and provisionality. This part also summarizes the theories used in the following studies.The second part, which contains the third, fourth and fifth chapter, studies the process to build and maintain the relationships among stakeholders. This part mainly includes three aspects as follows:(1) How to define differenct roles taken by different stakeholders, is considered as the base for the study on the relationships. Based on the analysis upon essence of project governance roles and method from Product Design, this part points out the process which includes requirements definition, project product design, project solutions design, governance roles definition and other steps, and then formulates the method to divide different governance roles, realize the quantified link between stakeholders’ requirements and stakeholders’ roles; (2) Based on the governance roles taken by stakeholders, this part takes the process stakeholders taking part in one project as one process in which stakeholders invest in project and expect the project profit. Relationships among different stakeholders are simplified as the game relationships. In order to maximum the profit of every stakeholder, they should collaborate in the project. Based on the Collaberative Games Model for the stakehoders, we can get the solutions on how to allocate the project profit. In fact, normally the expected project profit is not certain, so this part borrows the principles and methods from Fuzzy Mathematics to modified the model and solutions above; (3) In order to get the maximum, fair and reasonable profit, it is necessary to build the coolaberative relationships among project stakeholders. However, this kind of relationships depends on a cooperation agreement before the project implemention. This part aims to set the meathods to safeguard the generation on project stakeholder relations, and then to reach the cooperation agreement among stakeholders.The third part is the sixth chapter. This part takes one project case as the example to show how to build and maintain the relationships among stakeholers. Analysis results show that the clear definition to project governance roles and relationships can improve project performance and stakeholders’ satisfaction effectively, thus project success can be achieved more easily.From the perspective of governance, this dissertation studies how to build and maintain the governance relationships among stakehoders by virtue of the theories and methods from Governance, Roles, Quality Function Deployment, Collaberative Games, and Fuzzy Mathematics. The conclutions are as follows:1. By virtue of the principle and method about the Maximal Flow in Graph Theory, this dissertation improves the Qulity Function Deloyment in Product Design field. Project governance roles by different stakeholders can be mapped with the project requirements.Every stakeholder in one project should take part in different projects at the same time, so how to allocate its own limited resource to different project should be regarded as one important task. One principle should be persevered, that is’the more profit, the more project tasks’. This paper improves the Qulity Function Deloyment in Product Design field. Project governance roles by different stakeholders can be mapped with the project requirements.2. Governance relationships among project stakeholders can be simplified by virtue of Game Theory. Concerning to the uncertain project profit, the principles and methods from Fuzzy Mathematics can be used to modify and improve the Collaborative Game model and profit solutions. All of these tasks can ensure to realize the reasonable project profit allocation measures.In order to get the fair and reasonable profit, the coolaberative relationships among project stakeholders should be regarded. This part aims to set the meathods to safeguard the generation on project stakeholder relations, and then to reach the cooperation agreement among stakeholders. The meathods above can be sort to three kinds from the perspective of the basis, build and maintaince to the relationships.3. Through the case analysis, the process to realize the governance relationships amongy project stakeholders can be achieved in the project practice.This dissertation takes the’relationships among project stakeholders’as the research object, break through the previous research on project stakeholders management from the process and structure perspective, puts forward the method to allocate the fuzzy project profit and related safeguard solutions. The main innovations are as follows:1. Innovation on the study perspectiveAlthough the current research on project stakeholder management increases gradually, these studies take one single project stakeholder into consideration. This dissertation takes’Relationships among different project stakeholders’as the research object, especially by the project governance from the perspective of’roles and process’. It realizes the possilbity to use one unified process to build different relationships amond different project stakeholders in different projects. It also enriches and improves the project governance theory from the roles and process perspective. 2. Innovation on the study methodThis study is concerned to sociology, economics, management, operations research and other fields. Through literature study, deduce and case analysis, it modifies and improves the methods and tools in the field of Product Design, Quality Management, Collaboritive Game, etc. There are certain innovations on the study method. (1) To point out the Affinity Diagram to identify the expectations from different project stakeholders. The identified expectations are the base for defining the project objective. (2) To modify the Dynamic Quality Function Deployment based on the Max-flow Principle. It quantified the relationship between the requirements and governance roles for each project stakeholders. (3) To design the fuzzy project profit allocation solutions for the project stakeholders. It is more suitable for the uncertain project profit in practice.3. Innovation on the practical applicationThis dissertation puts the theorical result into the project practice and breaks through the previous project management scope which is guided by Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). There are certain innovations on the practical application.There is only a short history for the study and application on Project Governance. Although this paper studies the general theory and application on project stakeholder governance, this subject is very extensive and complex. We hope we can continue the study on the field of project governance in the future.更多还原