【作者】 陈以凤；

【导师】 于海广；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 历史文献学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 孔安国,字子国,是汉代孔氏家学和两汉经学史上的重要传承人。他以经学为业,博通儒家典籍,对汉代的《古文尚书》学、《古文论语》学、《古文孝经》学均有开启之功,但存史料对其一生事迹和治学活动的记载比较简约,署名于他的著述也是历代学者争论不已的话题。本文依据现有的材料,对孔安国的生卒时间、世次、家世、学术渊源和治学背景及家学传承等各方面作了较为系统的论述,重点考论了其治学活动的诸方面,如他与今、古文《尚书》、《古文论语》、《古文孝经》、《孔子家语》、孔氏家学的具体关系,并评述他在汉代学术史上的地位。孔安国为孔子后裔,依据《汉书》、《史记》以及各时代所修孔氏家谱的记载,考证知他为孔子第十一代孙,大约生活在汉景帝前元元年(公元前156年)到汉武帝太初四年(公元前101年)之间。他少时积极求学,受伏生《尚书》,于申公习《鲁诗》,游学河间,学优入仕,先后任武帝经学博士、侍中、谏大夫、临淮太守等职,可谓学宦两成。孔安国出生于文化氛围浓厚的孔氏家族,从春秋战国到汉代,孔子及其后裔都以儒学为业、勤于治经,家族内部形成了积极向上、博学广闻的家学风范,积淀了深厚的文化底蕴,为他的治学营造了良好的内部环境。孔安国的学术渊源颇广,主要来源于家学、师学及河间学术,其中既有今文经学如伏生之《今文尚书》、申公之《鲁诗》,也有古文经学如家学之《古文尚书》、河间之《毛诗》,这为他日后取得的突出学术成就奠定了基础。孔安国生活于汉景、武年间,正是汉王朝统治思想由黄老无为渐转至“独尊儒术、表彰六经”的时期。汉武帝即位后实施了一系列尊崇儒术的政策,确立了儒学在百家之学中的主导地位,同时也促使今文经学逐步走向兴盛,(?)这为他继承祖业、研治经书提供了有利的社会条件。汉景帝末年,鲁恭王拓宫室坏孔子旧宅,发现了《古文尚书》、《古文论语》、《古文孝经》、《礼古经》等先秦古书。这批古文经书后归孔安国所有,为他治学(?)提供了宝贵的文献资料。另外,孔安国生活在全国文化的重镇——齐鲁大地,地域文化深厚,名儒云集,浓郁的学术氛围不仅让他深受熏陶,更为其从师治学、切磋交流提供诸多便利。孔安国精通《尚书》学,是汉代尚书学史上的关键人物。作为汉武帝时的《今文尚书》博士,他通过传授弟子兄宽,促成《今文尚书》三家学派的形成,推动了《今文尚书》学的发展兴盛。同时他整理、认读、训解孔壁所出的《古文尚书》,并传授弟子与后人,形成明确的传授谱系,开创了《古文尚书》学派。因此,孔安国对汉代的今古文《尚书》学之兴均有发起之功,为汉代尚书学的发展作出了重要的贡献。通过将今本题名孔安国的《尚书孔传》与《小尔雅》进行比较研究,可知他确曾训解《古文尚书》,释经成果即保存在《孔传》中。从“传”字本义、与《孔丛子》的联系、孔氏家学传承等方面看,今本《孔传》当始于孔安国的训解、传授,后由孔家学者不断完善补充,纂集成书的,是汉代孔氏家学的产物。对于来源于孔壁的《古文论语》,孔安国是最早的整理者、研治者。他主要作了整理、认读、隶古定、训解的工作,然后传授后人及弟子,从而使此书在民间流传不息,形成了《古文论语》学派。而今收在何晏《论语集解》中孔注的作者,自清代以来学者们众说纷纭,莫衷一是。结合近年来学界的研究成果,深入考察今存孔注的底本和注文内容,我们认为其当为孔安国所作。孔安国的《论语》训解是迄今尚存最古老的《论语》注本,训释简洁精练,重在训诂,兼及大义,为后代学人研究《论语》提供了重要的借鉴。孔安国与《古文孝经》的关系亦非常密切,他对此书也进行了整理、认读,隶古定,后传授子孙。在传授中可能对《古文孝经》还作了文字训诂和义理阐释,形成《孝经》孔氏古文说。汉昭帝时,此书由担任鲁国三老的孔安国家人上献于朝廷。今本《孝经孔传》流传过程曲折复杂,但非日本人伪造,直接渊源于刘炫本《古文孝经》孔传,约在我国隋唐之际传出。从史志记载、著录和传文内容、体例、文风各方面看,此书非孔安国所作。联系汉代的孔氏家学传承,它极可能是孔家学者在“《孝经》孔氏古文说”的基础上增益成书的。《孔子家语》是专门记录孔子及孔门弟子思想言行的著作,成书后命运多舛,长期以来被认定为“伪书”,此书与孔安国的关系也一直是学术史上的一大疑团。而深入考察王肃与《家语》的关系,可知清代流行而来的“增加说”与“伪造说”均不能成立。近年来,有多种出土文献的内容可见于今本《孔子家语》,论文通过将定州《儒家者言》竹简、阜阳双古堆1号木牍、上博简《民之父母》与《家语》的相关篇章进行比勘,可知《家语》一书的材料渊源有自,非抄袭《大戴礼记》、《说苑》等书而成。今本《家语》所附的“孔安国序”是考察此书真伪的重要文献,从《家语》本身、其他传世文献、目前出土文献、序言具体细节等方面考察,可证此序内容真实可靠,其作者当为孔安国。孔安国与《孔子家语》具体关系亦可从“孔安国序”的记载中概括得知：他从秦、汉初流传的“孔子之言与诸国事、七十二弟子之言”的原简副本以及相杂的“《曲礼》众篇”的竹简中整理出四十四篇,“以事类相次”,撰集成书,又特作书序介绍成书原委,并以家学形式流传于孔家内部,直至三国孔猛时。孔安国是孔氏家族的佼佼者,他对汉代孔氏家学的发展具有重大贡献。孔氏家学由先秦时期的孔子创立,代代传承于家族内部。汉代孔家学者传习《尚书》,世修古经,博通儒典,教育宗亲,薪火相传,使孔氏家学蓬勃发展,呈现出内容丰瞻、成就显赫的兴盛面貌。其中孔安国博览众书,研治群经,全面传承先祖遗学；整理孔壁古书,为家学的继续传承提供了重要的文献资料；推崇、传承古文经学,维护了家学的纯洁性。且他身体力行、树立榜样,以品德学识感召孔家学人,对孔氏家学的继承和开拓作出了重要的贡献,是先秦两汉时期孔氏家学史上承前启后的关键人物。孔安国后裔孔印、孔衍、孔驩、孔子立、孔僖、孔季彦等人皆继承他的遗学,传习古文经书,成就斐然,促进汉代孔氏家学的繁荣和发展。总之,孔安国整理孔壁古书、编集《孔子家语》,保存、整理古代历史文化典籍,为后世提供了弥足珍贵的文献资料。他甘于寂寞,研习传承孔壁古书,使古文师法逐步形成,促进了古文经学的兴起,对汉代儒学的发展也有显著影响。同时他积极教学育人,传授儒家经典,推动了儒家精义的传播与汉代经学的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Kong Anguo, named Ziguo, is an important person in the history of Confucian Classic Books academic research in Han dynasty as well as the Confucius family’s learning. He majored in the Classics, and was familiar with many ancient books broadly, hence as a Inaugurator in the study of the Shangshu, the Analecst and Xiaojing which were all transcribed with the ancient Chinese characters, however there was a few simple records about his all lifetime and academic activities in the present history documents, also some debates caused by his writings has lasted for long time among the academic fields from the past to the present. Here we will make an effort to make a relatively systematic discussion according to the present materials concern in this paper about his things from many sides such as the time of his birth and death, the specific position in the family genealogy, the background of the late ancestor and academic, the origin of his study, and the family learning development, meanwhile, we will concentrate on researching his many academic activities such as the relation between him and the Shangshu of two editions which are wrote with the current and ancient character, the ancient-character Analects, the ancient-character Xiaojing, Kongzi-Jiayu, Confucius family’s learning, etc. in the end we also comment on Kong Anguo’s important position in the academic history of Han dynasty.As to Kong Anguo, being a descendant of Confucius, according to Historical Records, Hanshu, and Confucius family genealogy collected in every times, we researched that he is the 11th grandson of Confucius, lived about in the period from the first year of Jing emperor reign to the fourth year of Wu emperor later reign called "Taichu", from the B.C.156 year to the B.C.101 year. He was enthusiastic in learning everywhere in the youth,e.g. studied the Shangshu from Fu sheng who was a very old but famous expert scholar in this field, accepted Lu Poetry which was an important edition spread in the Lu area from Shen gong, also ever went to the quite prosperous cultural region of Hejian for studying the ancient classics, with skillful and brilliant learning achievements, he ever participated in the political field as the Confucianism Classics Doctor, an attendant for the emperor, imperial censors and the prefecture chief in the Linhuai district. So that it to say, he was successfully both in the academics and the politics. From the viewpoint of the family cultural heritance, Kong Anguo was from Confucius family with long time of morality and knowledge tradition. From the Spring&Autumn and Warring States Time to the Han dynasty, there emerged many talented persons in this family after Confucius, they all regarded the Confucianism as the main direction of study, diligent in researching the Confucianism Classics, leading to a positive and knowledgeable learning demeanour in this family which accumulated a thick academic atmosphere and profound cultural content, so those things made a good inside surroundings for his study mentioned above. So it is evident that Kong Anguo’s academic source is very wide from family learning, professional education and Hejian learning mainly, among them are not only the current script classical learning such as Fu sheng’s Shangshu in current character, Shengong’s Lu Poetry, but also the ancient script classical learning such as Shangshu in ancient character from family learning, Mao’s Poetry of Hejian district, those wide source of knowledge undoubtedly established a foundation for his outstanding position of Confucian classics history in Han dynasty.Kong Anguo lived in the reign of Jing and Wu emperor, when the cultural policy of the Han dynasty government had been changed from doing nothing aimlessly(advocated by the school of Huang-lao thinker) to the new slogan "Respecting Confucianism skill only, propagandizing the Six Classics" gradually. Wu emperor in Han dynasty ever put into a range of policy of promoting Confucianism into action after his enthronement, by which this thought established a leading position in the many academic schools as well as prompt the current script classical learning to a prosperity. This kind of good social surroundings brought an advantaged requirement for Kong Anguo to pass down the cultural undertaking of his ancestors and to studying the Confucianism Classics.In the late time of Jing emperor reign, there are some ancient Confucianism books founded in the wall of Confucius Mansion by accident when the Prince Lu gong wanted to enlarge his mansion, include ancient-character Shangshu, ancient-character Analects, ancient-character Xiaojing and the ancient Rite. Those books were protected by Kong Anguo, and became the document base of his study afterwards, also by this occasional and objective but absolutely lucky accident, then he got a relatively outstanding achievements into the quite high position of Han dynasty academic history. Besides, he lived the important cultural region all over the country---Qi and Lu area with deep regional culture and many a famous Confucianism scholar, those thick academic atmosphere not only made him immerged and edified among it, and also offered much convenience for him to study from teachers and communicate mutually with the companion.Kong Anguo was familiar with Shangshu study and a key character of this field historically in Han dynasty. He ever was the doctor of the Shangshu in current-character during the Emperor Wu’s time, and taught it to his student Ni Kuan, leading to the form of the three schools of studying this edition of Shangshu finally and improving the development and prosperity of it. At the same time, he arranged and identified the ancient-character Shangshu which was from Kong’s wall interpreted some words and sentences of it, also taught it go his students and offspring, by which formed a clear imparting pedigree and initiated the school of Shangshu study in ancient character. So he had originated both the two school of Shangshu with different characters, and made much contribution to the Study of Shangshu in the Han dynasty. As far as the specific research is concerned, we also make some analysis and demonstrations on the problem of Shangshukongzhuan’s author and formation, e.g. we proved that Kong Anguo actually annotated the ancient-character Shangshu by comparison between Kongzhuan and Xiaoerya, and his annotations had been collected in the Xiaoerya. From the understanding of the original meaning of"Zhuan",the relationship with Kong congzi and the succession of Confucius family’s learning, it is ought to be that Kongzhuan which we can see today must be the collective writing of the scholar in the Confucius family starting with Kong Anguo, and it experienced a process that Kong Anguo annotated, taught, and then the Confucius family scholars complemented、edited until the final book forming, that is to say, this book was the result of Confucius family’s learning in Han dynasty.The ancient-character Analects was from Kong Wall, Kong Anguo was the first collector and researcher. What he ever did on the book included:that he arranged, identified, annotated character、taught to his offspring and disciples etc. by which this classic book and its study can spread from then on for quite a long time always, forming the Ancient-character Analects school. As for the author of Kong interpretation kept in the Analects Annotation Collections, the scholars had much different opinions since Qing dynasty. With the recent research findings concerned in the academic field, after the deep research of the original book and the interpretation content, we think that is did by Kong Anguo, and it is the oldest Analects annotation book so far. This annotation is concise and elegant, focusing on the words and phrase interpretation, also considering the profound meaning, which supply a important lesson and sample for the researcher to interpreted Analects afterwards.The relationship between Kong Anguo and the ancient-character Xiaojing are very close, what he did for this book mainly include that he arranged the chapter, identified, annotated the character to be a text for people then to read easier, and taught it to his offspring among the Confucius family which is similar with what he did for the ancient-character Xiaojing, and the ancient-character Shangshu. In this process, he possibly did other things about the words and phrase interpretation and the profound meaning clarification, forming the ancient-character interpretation starting with Kong Anguo, i.e. the Kongzhuan of ancient-character Xiaojing which well known later on. In the period of Zhao Emperor reign, this book was dedicated to the court by the offspring of Kong Anguo who then occupied the Sanlao (an agent official responsible for edification the folk in many local areas) in Lu area, The Kongzhuan of ancient-character Xiaojing which we can see today had experienced a twisted and complicated process which was not forged by Japanese however, it directly originated from the edition of the Kongzhuan of ancient-character Xiaojing from Liu Xuan and later it came abroad between Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty or so. This book can not be written by Kong Anguo from many history records, the text content and its mode and style of writing. With consideration of the continuous succession of Confucius in Han dynasty, it is probably was written by the scholar in the Confucius family after a long-time of complement and improving basing on the explanation of ancient-character XiaojingKongzi-jiayu is a special book in which are about the thought and action of Confucius and his different generation of apprentices, unfortunately, it experienced a devious and misunderstanding process, and was regarded as "fake book" during long periods. The relationship between Kong Anguo and Kongzi-jiayu have been a doubted mass through the academic history for a relative long time.But when deeply researching the relationship between Wang Su and Kongzi-jiayu we think the two deficient viewpoints "supplement" and "forgery" are both not tenable in general, although they were popular from Qing dynasty on ever. Recently, there are the same text content in many kind of unearthed documents which can be found in Kongzi-jiayu of the edition which we can see now, here we will make some detailed and careful comparison and analysis in the paper mainly between the unearthed documents such as bamboo slips called "Ru Jia Zhe Yan", No.1 wooden slips (discovered from some ancient tombs and relics in Shuang gudui of Fuyang in Anhui province), "Min Zhi Fu Mu " (protected in Shanghai museum) and Kongzi-jiayu, by which we can prove that the material of Kongzi-jiayu text had its documental origin, its form did not like what many scholars ever advocated in the past that it copied other old similar texts such as "Dadai Liji", "Shuo Yuan". Besides, "Kong Anguo Prologue" in the last appendix of Kongzi-jiayu which we can see now, is an important document to research and verify Jiayu is true or false, from some side such as Kongzi-jiayu itself, traditional documents, unearthed documents, the specific details of Prologue, we can find that this prologue is true and reliable in general, its author should be Kong Anguo. So we also can know the specific relationship between Kong Anguo and Kongzi-jiayu:he ever sorted out 44 pieces of papers which now we can see in Jiayu from the copy text of those original bamboo slips that ever spread between late in Qin Dynasty and early in Han Dynasty, they generally include two parts:one part recorded "the words of Confucius and his first generation students, the history record of some vassal states", another part was related to "many chapters of Quli" littered among other books, he edited those records by certain norm and formed a volume of book, and wrote a prologue to introduce the whole process of formation specially, making the study of this book pass down by means of family learning up to the later time when Kong Meng lived.Kong Anguo is an excellent person of Confucius family, he had a very outstanding achievements for the family’s learning which was created by Confucius in Pre-Qin period and inherited generation by generation among the family inside. The group of Confucius family scholars studied and spread Shangshu of two kinds of edition in current and ancient character, researched the ancient classical books, mastered Confucian literatures broadly, educated the offspring continuously like the fire is with wood in arms each other so that the Confucius family’s learning developed greatly and presented a picture of prosperous outlook with abundant content and excellent achievements. Kong Anguo read lots of books widely, studied many Confucianism Classics, wholly succeed the ancestor’s learning; and sorted out the ancient books of Kong Wall which supplied some important documental materials for the succession of the family learning, especially he praised highly and developed the ancient-character Classics study and maintained the purity of Confucius family learning. Moreover, Kong Anguo set an example and put into action by himself, he inspired the family members by virtue and knowledge, surely made a crucial contributions for the succession, developing and transmission of the Confucius family learning, so he was the transitional key man of the Confucius family’s learning history in Han dynasty. We can see after him, many of his descendants from this Confucius family branch such as Kong Ang, Kong Yan, Kong Huan, Kong Zili, Kong Xi, Kong Jiyan etc. all passed down his learning, studied and taught the ancient-character Confucianism classics, they got considerable achievements and boosted the prosperity and developments of Confucius family’s learning of Han dynasty.In short, Kong Anguo ever arranged the ancient books and edited Kongzi-jiayu protecting and sorting out the old history cultural classic books, also supply many valuable documental materials to the aftertimes. He was willing to be lonely and dedicated to study the books from Kong Wall, by which the mode of the ancient-character classics study formed gradually, and the new school (i.e. the ancient-character classics learning) developed and prospered at the same time, those things had a noticeable influence on Confucianism in Han dynasty. At the same time, he positively went on teaching and instructing others, imparted many Confucianism classic books, not only promoting the transmission and clarification of Confucianism essence, but also prompting the development of Jing study in Han dynasty.更多还原