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青岛地区物质文化遗产保护与利用研究

Sdudies on the Glo Research on Protection and Utilization of Material Cultural Heritage in Qingdao Area Bally Cultural Trade Barriers

【作者】 刘庆

【导师】 栾丰实;

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 , 专门史, 2010, 博士

【摘要】 屈指算来,截止2010年,青岛城市建置不过119年。而早在1 994年1月4日,国务院就已经正式批准和公布青岛市为国家历史文化名城。丰富的近现代城市文化遗产无疑是年轻的青岛城市荣膺国家级历史文化名城的主要资本,因为国务院在批准文件中指出:“青岛位于山东省东南部,明代中叶为防止倭寇侵袭,设浮山防御千户所。鸦片战争后,设总镇衙门。1897年后,曾被德、日、美列强先后占领。现存原提督公署、官邸和原警察署等大量欧式、日式建筑”。不仅如此,青岛地区更有一段古老的历史。即墨市金口镇北阡遗址考古发掘的实物证明,早在7000年前的北辛文化时代,就有东夷先民生活在这片土地上。东夷先民创造了灿烂的史前文化,比较早的进入了文明社会,建立了早期国家,晚期则发展出辉煌的齐鲁文化。直至近代,青岛地区的发展始终与中国其它地区如影随形,同步而行。然而近年来,伴随着经济的高速发展,全国范围内的城市形态开发给文化遗产带来灾难。在大拆大建发展模式的主导下,历史建筑、历史街区乃至历史城区遭受到毁灭性的建设性破坏,青岛城市文化遗产也受到了很大的冲击。这种开发模式不仅带来城市形态的巨大改观,而且意味着城市文脉的泯灭,居民认同感和归属感的消失。不仅如此,青岛市郊的古文化遗址同样在经济发展中未能幸免于难,规模宏大的建设工程正在处处围剿古遗址仅有的一点点容身之地。同时多种发展迹象也在表明,现在的青岛城市建设越来越重视深度的功能开发。而功能开发离不开城市深厚的文化底蕴,市北区如火如荼的特色街建设即是明证。一个依靠文化生存、发展的城市是有希望、有个性的城市。在文化软实力作用日益明显的今天,经济发达的背后有文化的有力支撑;文化底蕴深厚的地区蕴含着蓬勃的经济发展潜力。文化与经济的关系从来没有像今天这样变得水乳交融,而文化遗产无疑是城市文化的品位和文化厚度强有力的体现者。在经济发展、社会进步的过程中,如何处理好保护城市历史文化与发展现代经济之间的矛盾,这已经引起越来越多的关注,因为这是青岛城市发展过程中需要思考、破解的难题。本文针对古老的青岛地区和年轻的青岛城市所各自拥有的物质文化遗产展开深入、细致的研究。论文分为青岛老城区文化遗产和青岛地区田野文物两大部分内容。其中,青岛老城区又分为历史建筑、历史街区、历史城区整体保护三小部分。第一章为导论。在界定文化遗产的定义基础之上,厘清现代意义上的国际和国内文化遗产的保护历程,接着讲清选题研究范围、意义、方法及已有研究成果,在深入剖析国内外颇为流行的文化遗产整体保护论之后,阐述了青岛历史文化遗产的生成环境及历程。第二章为青岛历史建筑保护与利用研究。首先说明青岛历史建筑的影响因素、价值评价及保护意义,然后针对性提出青岛历史建筑保护与利用对策,并对相对落后于海滨旅游的历史建筑旅游如何发展提出建议,尤其注重对当今遗产热点——青岛工业遗产保护与利用的研究,同时对青岛名人故居保护与利用展开针对性研究,最后以斯泰尔修会圣言会会馆旧址修复工程为案例,深入考察了青岛历史建筑修复过程中的成功与失败之处。第三章为青岛历史街区的保护与更新研究。在阐述青岛历史街区的由来、价值、特色及保护现状的基础之上,提出针对性的保护与更新对策,最后以为世人所瞩目的中山路街区复兴为案例进行具体研究。第四章为青岛老城区整体保护研究。首先从自然、人文、建筑、规划等角度具体分析青岛城市的特色,然后阐述在旧城更新与新城建设中保护文化遗产的成功与失误,同时涉及如何在城市色彩、整体高度、交通、标志性建筑、自然环境等方面加强对文化遗产的保护,最后针对青岛的母亲湾——胶州湾保护提出具体建议。第五章为青岛地区田野文物保护与利用研究。首先阐述青岛地区田野文物现状与保护意义,然后对青岛古遗址保护与利用突出针对性建议,最后以琅琊台遗址为案例进行具体研究。在结语部分,论文提出全文的结论。它们是:1.文化遗产保护需要秉承整体性保护理念;2.青岛的城市文化遗产保护与利用工作日益受到社会各方面的重视,但是保护与利用的具体措施尚有待于改进;3.胶州湾的保护是当前青岛城市发展尤其是文化遗产保护工作的重中之重;4.对于青岛地区的古遗址而言,目前首要的工作是保护,然后方可在保护的前提下,进行合理利用。如此谋篇布局主要依据以下的思路:论文的第一部分导论为整篇论文的铺垫:历史城市的保护一向讲究“点”(历史建筑)、“线”(历史街区)、“面”(历史城区)的有机结合。历史建筑犹如一颗颗珍珠(点)错落有致的散落在老城区之中,它们是历史城市保护的最基本元素,所以论文的第二部分集中研究青岛历史建筑的保护与利用问题;历史街区(线)则由建筑围合而来,历史建筑是历史街区极为重要的构成要件,历史街区也是历史建筑保护的基本条件,二者可谓水乳交融,相得益彰,所以论文的第三部分集中研究青岛历史街区的保护与延续问题;数十条历史街区(线)的有机交合最终构成了老城区(面),而老城区的整体保护实在是历史建筑和历史街区绵延的大环境,意义可谓重大,所以论文的第四部分集中研究青岛老城区的整体保护问题;论文的第五部分集中研究青岛地区田野文物保护与利用问题,其原因有二:其一,田野文物本身就是青岛文化遗产的不可或缺的重要构成部分;其二,这是青岛文化遗产保护发展的必然结果。随着青岛历史文化遗产保护的深入发展,文物保护主管部门和城市规划部门都从历史文化名城保护体系方面深刻体认到青岛地区田野文物的保护与利用的意义。青岛地区田野文物不单单再是孤零零的古遗址保护问题,而是具有了与历史建筑、历史街区和老城区保护的密切关联性。青岛历史文化名城的保护也就由老城区走到了城外,走到了大青岛(涵盖青岛地区七区五县的地理范围)文化遗产保护的时代。论文的创新之处是:1.论文首次归纳了文化遗产整体性保护论产生的主要原因;进而分析了构建文化遗产整体性保护体系的多重因素。2.论文首次全面分析了青岛工业遗产保护与利用的现状,并有针对性地提出了保护与利用的合理化建议。3.论文首次以斯泰尔圣言会会馆为案例,较为全面地探究了青岛历史建筑修复工作中的成功与失败之处。4.论文首次较为全面地考察了青岛地区的田野文物保护与利用状况,并提出了合理化建议。

【Abstract】 The city of Qingdao had only been established for 119 years by 2010. However, Qingdao was awarded the honor of China’s famous city for its historical and cultural associations by the State Council on January 4th,1994. It is no doubt that such an honor should be attributed to Qingdao’s rich urban cultural heritage of modern times, which can be indicated in the State Council’s approval document:"Qingdao is located in the southeast of Shandong Province. The city developed from Fushan Qianhusuo, a place where troops were stationed to fight Japanese pirates during the middle of Ming Dynasty. Following the Opium War(1840~1842) the office of the garrison commander was established in Qingdao. After 1897, the city was occupied successively by western powers like Germany, Japan and the United States. Today various buildings with European and Japanese styles, including the office and residence of former provincial commander-in-chief, and the former police headquarters can still be found in Qingdao. In addition, the suburban region of Qingdao has a more ancient history. The artifacts unearthed in North Qian site in Jinkou town, Jimo city provided evidence showing that during the North Xin Cultural Times as early as 7000 years ago, there lived ancients called Dongyi in this land. Dongyi prehistoric ancestors created a splendid culture, relatively early developed into a civilized society, and established an early nation, paving the way for the brilliant QiLu Culture. Up to modern times, Qingdao had developed in pace with the rest parts of China.However, in recent years, along with rapid economic development, large-scale urban form of development brought disaster to the cultural heritage. Affected by the development model of "excessive demolition and construction", many historical buildings, historical blocks and even the historical city suffered from ruinous destruction. The Qingdao civic cultural inheritance has also been affected negatively. This development model has not only brought great change of urban form, but also means erosion of urban context and the residents’ loss of sense of identity and belonging. The ancient cultural sites of Qingdao suburb also fail to survive in economic development, as large-scale construction projects are everywhere suppressing the little room for the ancient ruins. At the same time, there are also a variety of signs showing that the current urban construction in Qingdao attaches more importance to in-depth functional development. The functional development is inseparable from profound cultural heritage, which is indicated by prosperous characteristic streets in North District.A city which relies on cultural survival and development is a city having hope and individuality. Today, the cultural role of soft power is increasingly clear, with strong cultural support behind economic development; an area with rich cultural resources has robust economic development potential. The relationship between culture and economics has never been so harmonious as what it is today. It is no doubt that cultural heritage representative of the cultural grade and atmosphere of a city. During the course of economic development and social progress how to deal with the contradiction between protecting the city’s history and culture and developing modern economy has attracted more and more attention, as this is the problem that needs to be considered and solved in Qingdao’s urban expansion.This dissertation devotes itself to a profound and detailed study on the material and cultural heritage possessed by both the old Qingdao region and the young city proper. The thesis is divided into two parts, discussing old town and field cultural relics respectively, with the former focusing on historic buildings, historic neighborhoods, and the integral protection of historic city.Chapter one is the introduction, which begins with the definition of cultural heritage and clarification of the history of international and national cultural heritage protection in the modern sense, and touches upon the scope of topics of study, significance, methods and previous research results. Following an in-depth analysis of the theory which is quite popular at home and abroad regarding integral protection of cultural heritage, this introductory part also discusses the evolving environment and course of historical and cultural heritage in Qingdao.Chapter Two is research on protection and utilization of Qingdao historic buildings. First of all it explicates the influencing factors, value assessment, and protecting significance of historic buildings, proposes specific protection and utilization strategies of historic buildings, and offers recommendations on how to develop tourism by making full use of historic buildings, which lags relatively behind the seaside tourism. This chapter lays particular emphasis on research into the legacy of today’s hot spots--Qingdao industrial heritage conservation and use, while looking into the conservation and use of celebrities’former residence. Finally this chapter studies successes and failures in the process of Qingdao historic building restoration by analyzing the restoration project of Style religious site of Divine Word.Chapter Three discusses the protection and renewal of Qingdao historic blocks. On the basis of elaborating the origin, value, characteristics and conservation status of Historic District, the researcher puts forward specific measures of protection and renewal, which is followed by a case study of the well-known Zhongshan Road revitalization.Chapter Four focuses on the overall protection of the old urban area of Qingdao. The researcher first makes a concrete analysis of the characteristics of Qingdao city from the natural, cultural, architectural and planning point of view, and then discusses the success and failures in the protection of the cultural heritage during the old-city renewal and new-town construction. Then the researcher, after elaborating on how to highlight the protection of cultural heritage in terms of color, overall height, traffic, typical buildings, and natural environment, offers concrete proposals for the protection of Mother Bay-Jiaozhou Bay.Chapter Five looks into the protection and utilization of field cultural relics in Qingdao area. Starting with an explication of the current status of the field cultural relics and the importance of their protection, this chapter highlights specific suggestion on the protection and utilization of Qingdao ancient ruins, with Langyatai site as a specific case study.In the part of Conclusion, this thesis holds the following views:First, cultural heritage should be protected in line with the integral conception.Second, although more importance is attached to the protection and utilization of culture inheritance in Qingdao, the concrete measures need to be improved.Third, the protection of Jiaozhou Bay is the most important task in Qingdao urban development, particularly in the current cultural heritage protection;Fourth, as far as the ancient ruins are concerned, the first priority is to protect. Only when they are properly protected, can utilization be allowed.Such a layout is mainly based on the following ideas:The introductory part is to pave the way for the entire paper, which highlights the protection of the historic city in view of the organic integration of "points" (historic buildings), "Line" (Historic District), "surface" (Historical City). Historic buildings, like pearls (point) scattering among the old city, are the most basic elements of the protection of historic cities. So the second part of the paper focuses on protection and utilization of Qingdao historical buildings. As historic districts (Line) develop from building enclosures, historic buildings constitute a very important element of historic district, and historic neighborhoods are also a basic condition for the protection of historical buildings, with both in harmonious complementation. Therefore, the third part of the paper focuses on the protection and renewal of historical district in Qingdao. The interconnection of scores of historic districts (Line) ultimately forms the Old City (Surface), while the integral protection of the old town, which underlies the broader context for the stretch of historic buildings and historic neighborhoods, is of much significance. Therefore, the fourth part of the paper is centered on the overall protection issues of the old city, Qingdao. In Part V the discussion shifts to the protection and utilization of Qingdao area field cultural relic for two reasons:firstly, the field cultural relics themselves constitute an important and indispensable component part of Qingdao cultural heritage; secondly, it is the inevitable result of the development of cultural heritage protection. With the further development of Qingdao historical and cultural heritage protection, departments in charge of heritage conservation and urban planning profoundly recognize the significance of protecting and utilizing Qingdao field cultural relics from the perspective of systemic protection of famous cities for their historical and cultural heritage. Qingdao field cultural relic means more than protecting isolated ancient ruins, but has close relevance with the historic buildings, historic neighborhoods and the old town to protect. It follows that the protection of historical and cultural city, Qingdao expands from the old urban area to the suburbs, to the big Qingdao age of cultural heritage protection (covering the geographic range of Qingdao seven zones and five counties).This thesis is innovative in that:(a) It summarizes the main reasons for the initiation of the overall protection theory of cultural heritage and analyzes multiple factors to build the integrity protection system of the cultural heritage;(b) For the first time, the thesis makes a comprehensive analysis of the status of Qingdao industrial heritage conservation and utilization, and then it puts forward proposals on how to protect and make good use of such heritage.(c) This thesis comprehensively explores the gains and losses in the restoration work of historic buildings in Qingdao by using Style religious site of Divine Word as a case study.(d) The thesis for the first time makes a more comprehensive study of conservation and utilization condition of field cultural relic in Qingdao region, and offers reasonable suggestions.

【关键词】 青岛物质文化遗产保护利用
【Key words】 QingdaoTangible Cultural HeritageProtectionUtilization
  • 【网络出版投稿人】 山东大学
  • 【网络出版年期】2010年 09期
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