【作者】 夏一雪；

【导师】 郑春；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 本文以现代学者型女作家为研究课题,以20世纪前期陈衡哲、袁昌英、苏雪林、冯沅君、林徽因、沈祖棻、杨绛等现代学者型女作家群体为整体研究对象,重点观照陈衡哲、袁昌英、苏雪林和林徽因等女作家,通过对她们精神世界和创作世界的深入分析,力求揭示作家与学者双重身份带给她们的独特之处,为沟通文学与学术,进而促进文学发展和学术进步提供具有建设意义的参考样本,同时也为现代知识女性解决家庭与事业相冲突的角色困境提供值得参照的人生典范。陈衡哲等现代学者型女作家,体现出了中国现代女性在文学和学术领域中的非凡创造力。一方面,凭借着女性解放运动和新文化运动的助推力,中国现代女性文学世界在“五四”时期真正形成,女作家们开始以自由平等的身份参与到文学史的书写和建构之中；另一方面,中国现代学术传统也在20世纪初期新旧思潮的激荡碰撞中肇始并发展,其中一个不可忽视的事实是,中国女性首次进入到这一历来由男性所垄断的学术研究领域,在通过文学创作的方式确立其主体性的同时,也在逻各斯(理性本质)世界中留下了女性拓荒者的足迹。陈衡哲等学者型女作家正是在这样两个层面上具有丰厚的历史意义和研究价值。女作家和女学者,作为古老中国的现代新身份,不仅以其“女性”的姿态昭示出女性解放运动的进展,更以其多领域的综合创造力体现出中国女性确立自我、实现自我的多种途径。她们不同于男作家和男学者,因为她们有着女性人格所带来的独特困惑和独特追求；她们也不同于单纯意义上的女作家,因为她们以求真的学者本质和建设的学者使命,展示出更为豁达超越、稳健平和的文化观念和人生理想。同时,她们的独特之处还在于学术素养、学术思维、学术追求等学者特质与其文学创作间的相互影响相互渗透,在于学术研究和文学创作之间形成一种融合与互动。因而,当以作家为出发点来观照她们的文学人生时,必然要将她们的学问人生作为一种关键的影响力量,来完成对她们整体人生的深入了解。集女性、作家、学者三种身份于一身,学者型女作家有着她们值得探讨的独特价值。本文分别从女性、学者和创作三个方面对学者型女作家展开研究。第一章阐述了学者型女作家研究的角度和背景,即中国文化中“文”“学”兼修的传统和现代知识分科的专业化趋势下“文”“学”互动的追求,进而对“女学者”这一现代新身份进行评述。学者型女作家研究是一种会通文章与学问,在“文”“学”互动视角下进行的女作家研究。“文”“学”兼修,这是中国文化的悠久传统,晚清民国时期,随着现代知识的细化分科和专业化,文章与学问之间存在着诸多在知识资源和思维方式上的巨大差异,但是,“文”“学”兼修的传统还是得到了新的发展,出现了一批“文”“学”大家。此时,“文章”“学问”兼修体现的是现代知识者对专业化趋向的一种补充和制衡。其次,“兴女学”使女性获得了接受社会化教育的权利,在“女学生”这一现代新群体中,有志于学者努力于留学海外,接受西方现代教育和专业学术训练——学习科学研究方法,致力于专门之学。中国女性由此开始涉足学术研究领域,“女学者”成为传统中国的现代新身份。另一方面,女性从事学术研究,是向一直以来被男性所占据的理性领域的进发与挑战。如果说文学创作是女性创造力的体现,那么理论创作是对女性缺乏创造力的更深入的反驳。陈衡哲等女学者在学术领域中展开创作,显现着女性的卓越创造力,初步实践着对父权制文化的反思和质疑；由此,她们开辟了确立女性主体性的另一个重要方向——向为男性牢固把持的逻各斯世界——学术研究领域进发,向被视为男性专属的理性思辨能力和学术创造能力进发。第二章重点评述了陈衡哲等学者型女作家在成长过程中的艰辛与抗争,她们与同时代的大多数女性一样为争取种种“天赋人权”而付出了巨大的代价,但是作为较早觉醒的知识女性,她们的奋争更体现出一种对于文化控制的反抗和对于知识真理的执着,同时她们所受到的压制也更多是精神上的创伤体验。陈衡哲等学者型女作家与男作家、男学者相比,面对着女性所特有的家庭与事业难以兼顾的角色困境。她们对学术事业的追求与其为妻为母的家庭责任产生了冲突,乃至形成一个前所未有的角色困境,而这却是男性很少遭遇到也很难体会到的角色困境。对此,陈衡哲等学者型女作家在新旧思潮碰撞中采取均衡协调的态度,构建起一个新贤妻良母的女性人生形象：既反对旧式家庭女性的依附与无知,要求拥有现代文明知识与独立自主能力,又反对新女性中以操持家务为无价值无前途的偏激认识,建设和谐健全的家庭生活,承担为母为妻的家庭责任。坚忍的品格和奉献的精神帮助她们从这一角色困境中成功突围,既获得圆满的家庭生活又取得学术事业上的成就,这对现代职业女性的人生规划无疑具有重要的参照意义,同时也为女性解放运动的深入发展提供了有价值的研究范本。第三章对学者型女作家以文化方式践行学者使命的“学者”特质展开了论述。陈衡哲等学者型女作家秉持着学者的责任感和使命感,克服过渡时代中理想与现实的断裂,以建设和贡献的人生信念,默默进行着艰苦持久的“造桥”工作,为文化和学术领域的进步铺设基石,增砖添瓦,实践并完成着自身的社会使命和人生追求。首先,在理想与现实断裂的过渡时代中,她们克服了“无桥可渡”所带来的种种失望与痛苦,以批判精神为建设工作扫清障碍,更承受了敢说敢做所带来的毁谤。进而,陈衡哲等学者型女作家将这个神圣庄严的学者使命落脚为具有积极意义的建设工作,既以积极的姿态通过文化的方式勇敢担当起自身的建设使命,又在建设的工作中遵循着均衡合理的建设准则。其次,学者作为一个特殊的社会阶层,他们承诺与实践其社会责任的方式也有其特殊性,学者应当以学问的方式,道德的方式来服务社会和造福社会。因而,从培养人格和完善道德的角度来践行其学者使命,是陈衡哲等学者型女作家介入现实担当责任的重要方式,她们将坚贞独立的人格作为一切社会改良和社会工作的基础与核心。另外,她们还在自身的研究领域中以一种真正富有使命感的科学研究,这样一种学问的方式来完成着她们作为学者的人生追求。她们以一种世界眼光,自觉肩负起中国文化守卫者和代言者的责任,致力于专业学术领域的整理积累和建设创新,在中西文化交流中作出了中国现代女学者的努力与贡献。第四章主要对学者型女作家的创作特质展开论述。首先,学者型女作家,较其他专业作家而言,体现出一种“随遇而作”的创作姿态。她们更多地立足于学者的身份,从事专门之学的研究,因而更多地将文学创作视为治学之外的“余事”,情有所感,心有所得,不可不抒,发之为文。这样的主次之别,决定着她们的创作方式多是在心有所感时随事即兴,在生活之中随遇而作。其次,陈衡哲的小说《洛绮思的问题》和袁昌英的小说《玫君》表现了一个共同的创作主题：为学问而独身。这是她们作为女性学者的独特关注,叙述了有志于学的青年女性所面临的学业与婚姻相冲突的两难处境。相较于其他作家的形象化叙述,在陈衡哲和袁昌英的创作中,这个主题是作为一个需要得到论述得到解决的“问题”而存在的,因而她们的作品中更多的是人物之间关于这一问题的讨论性对话,作者自身针对这一问题的见解阐述,以及对解决方法的分析探讨等等。在此,学者型作家的独特创作思维得以显现,她们的关注重心在于描述问题,展开分析,寻求解决,是学术研究中的思维过程在小说创作中的复现。最后,从学者身份的角度切入作家研究,所关注的是学者创作特质与作家创作特质的不同,包括学者型作家在创作过程中学术思维与文学思维的冲突与融合、学术研究与文学创作的互补与互动等问题。具体而言,学者型女作家“文”“学”互动的方式,一种表现为以学入文,以文释理,通过作品来表达对“问题”的看法和见解,以阐述论辩的方式结构作品,以独出机杼、发人深省的思想价值见长；另一种则是以文入学,将深湛的艺术修养倾注到学术论著中,既体现为语言表达上的流丽多彩,又有艺术情怀对学术建构的滋养丰润。同时,“文”“学”之间的互动,也会表现为互相的束缚和遮蔽。这是就整体而言,具体到每位作家,既有“文”“学”的相互渗透,又有各自的偏重之处。第五章主要对学者型女作家研究的意义和价值进行了论述。首先,陈衡哲等学者型女作家是现代知识女性值得尊敬与借鉴的人生典范,她们以一种更健全合理的生活轨迹,完成着更平实切近的人生梦想——家庭生活的和谐圆满,个性才能的充分发展和社会价值的成功实现；她们的独特价值在于兼容并蓄,在于均衡平和,她们的难能可贵在于当女子教育和女性解放的起始阶段,身为为数不多的接受高等教育的女学者、女教授,她们在顽固的性别偏见和艰难的社会处境中,尽力圆满地解决了家庭责任与事业追求的冲突。另一方面,她们的平衡兼顾和牺牲奉献,也阻碍了她们对女性独自承担家务的传统习俗和社会心理中的性别歧视进行更本质更深入的反思和批判。其次,学者型女作家研究在学科“会通”的层面上具有重要的参考价值。在知识系统分化和学科分类细化的背景下,学科会通与互动对20世纪以来文学与学术分途发展的中国知识界具有补偏纠弊的价值。具体到陈衡哲等学者型女作家,她们都在其学术论著中融入进了超越于知识传播和理论表述之上的民族国家情感,不仅以文学家的笔触为学术论著的叙述风格开辟新路,更在根植于现实,着眼于未来的精神指向中袒露着她们赤忱真挚的心灵世界,实现着文学与学术之间的沟通交融。另外,学者型女作家研究,意在提示一种“文”“学”会通互动的为文与治学的理想境界,这一理想境界自20世纪80年代以来,成为知识界的一种主动追求,并由此衍生出两个方向上的倡导与努力：学者作家化与作家学者化。前者主要是指学者通过对形象思维的加强,在严密的逻辑推理之上以更生动轻盈的形式来表现其学术观点,将会使其观点具有更强的说服力和感染力,同时,建立于真诚与热情之上的学术研究,以敏锐的感受力和充沛的灵感为基础的学术研究,也会更好地达到理性升华的层面,从而有助于理论体系的建构和完满。后者主要是指作家需要培养学者所特有的发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的逻辑思维能力,借鉴其严谨客观的观察视角和治学态度,涵养深厚扎实的学问功底,以此作为展开文学创作的精神基础和知识背景。由此,学者型女作家研究指出了会通“文章”与“学问”的重要性：即对作家和学者而言,不同精神特质和不同知识资源的优势互补,将会同时为文学创作和学术研究带来提升与深化的发展空间。现代学者型女作家研究主要在以下几个方面取得了创新：第一,是在“文”“学”会通的切入角度上,对同时具有学者身份的作家而言,对其学术创作的了解和研究,有助于对作家的创作世界进行综合性的把握和整体性的分析。在这个方面,学者型女作家研究做出了一定的开拓。第二,是对文学与学术之间互动关系的阐述,学者型女作家研究指出了以文入学和以学入文两种互动方式,并对各自的优长与缺憾进行了全面的分析。第三,是学者型女作家研究通过对“文”“学”互动的创造性分析,指出了在专业化趋势下会通“文章”与“学问”的重要性,从而对文学发展和学术进步有着一定的推动意义。论文的不足之处主要是研究的整体性有待提高,研究对象主要集中为陈衡哲等四位学者型女作家,对其他学者型女作家的论述不够充分,对学者型作家的整体研究也不够深入。原因主要是对其他学者型作家的把握还不到位,对学者型作家这一作家类型的研究还不够完整。改进方法是扩充研究范围,提高研究的概括性和整体性,并通过对文学创作与学术研究之间不同创作规律的分析,来深化学者型女作家研究的内涵意蕴。更多还原

【Abstract】 The study of female scholarly writers in the early 20th century takes Chen Hengzhe, Yuan Changying, Su Xuelin and Lin Hui’in as subjects, probes into the world of their spirit and creation, and attempts to reveal their uniqueness as both writers and scholars, so as to provide a bridge between literature and academic research, a constructive sample for the development and improvement of them, and a model of modern female intellectuals’lives to solve the conflict between family and career.Scholarly writers are different from mere writers. With the usual double identities of scholars and writers, they have their own independent research and whole theoretic system aside from the literary creation. There were several striking female scholarly writers in the early 20th century:Chen Hengzhe, Yuan Changying, Su Xuelin and Lin Hui’in, who made outstanding achievements in both literary and academic field. More importantly, the extraordinary power of creation of Chinese modern women can be found in them, who are different from male writers and scholars with their bemusement and pursuit unique to females; and different from mere female writers with their scholarly nature and constructive duty, showing broader, more stable and open cultural views and worldly ideals. Combining the identities of females, writers and scholars, female scholarly writers have their own uniqueness worth investigating.With this in mind, the thesis probes into female scholarly writers in respect of females, scholars and creation. In the first chapter, the background of studying female scholarly writers is expounded, that is, the tradition of combining literature and academic research and the interactive pursuit of both of them. Then there is a further investigation of the new modern identity "female scholars". The study of female scholarly writers takes the interactive point of view of both literature and academic research. Scholarly writers such as Chen Hengzhe, Yuan Changying, Su Xuelin and Lin Hui’in had all received higher modern education and professional academic training. However, they retained the long-standing tradition of the combined study, and displayed the beauty of this combination in their writing. The establishment of schools for women provided females with the rights to receive social education, and enabled them to learn about Western modern civilization or even study overseas. This marked the entry of Chinese females into academic research and the appearance of "female scholars" in Chinese history. Chen Hengzhe, Yuan Changying, Su Xuelin and Lin Hui’in not only based their lives and pursuits on academic research, but took literary creation as the means of self-expression and self-realization. Literary creation is a demonstration of women’s creative power, while theoretical creation is a further rejection of women’s lack of creative power. With their creation in both literary and academic research, these female scholars broke into the allegedly exclusively male field, and set their firm footprints on the road to self discovery, expression and realization.The second chapter expounds on the hardships and struggles of female scholarly writers during the course of growth. Like most contemporary women, they strived for various human rights at vast expense. On the other hand, as female intellectuals, their struggles focused on the resistance against cultural control and the insistence on truth. Meanwhile, the oppression they suffered brought them more spiritual pains. In the next place, female scholarly writers were faced with the unique female conflict between family and career. In traditional Chinese ethics, females were supposed to fulfill the role of a good wife and loving mother before shouldering social responsibility. Therefore, their pursuit of academic career was in inevitable conflict with the family roles. The female scholarly writers took a balanced and coordinated attitude, constructing a new female image of independent wife and learned mother, so as to build a harmonious family.The third chapter centers around female scholastic writers’cultural fulfillment of their missions. With the scholastic sense of responsibility and mission, they strived to bridge the gap between the reality and ideal, laying the foundation for the development of culture and academy. First, they overcame the disappointment and sadness about the reality, and devoted themselves actively in the constructive work, meantime sticking to the principle of balance and reasonableness. Not only did they put emphasis on personal perfection and moral improvement, but based the observation and service of society on them. With their experience of overseas study and combined knowledge about both China and the West, they became the defender and spokeswomen of Chinese culture, as well as the learner and advocate of Western culture, making contribution to the cultural communication through their efforts.Chapter four focuses on the characteristic of their works. Firstly, their writing was rather spontaneous, aroused by certain events in life. Secondly, there was the reflection of academic thinking in their literary writing:the process of describing, analyzing the problem and finding the solution. Finally, the interaction and interpenetration can be found in their works.The fifth chapter discusses the meaning and value of the study of female scholastic writers. For modern female intellectuals, they are respectable models to learn from, with their harmonious family life, the full development of their personality and talents, and successful fulfillment of their social value. The study of them also illustrates an ideal state of the combination and interaction of literature and academy, the mutual complement of whose advantages will provide developmental space for both literary writing and academic research.更多还原