【作者】 杨宁；

【导师】 李建国； 邹冬生；

【作者基本信息】 湖南农业大学 ， 生态学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 通过对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地自然恢复植被特征及植被恢复模式构建进行系统的研究,其主要结论如下：(1)采用数学模糊聚类分析,对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植物群落进行数量分类,并应用Patrick丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数以及Pielou均匀度指数比较分析了衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同空间位置的物种多样性特点。结果表明：1)衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地的植物群落可分为6种群丛类型,分别为Ⅰ.杉木—牡荆+六月雪—夏枯草群丛；Ⅱ.马尾松—牡荆+六月雪—野菊花群丛；Ⅲ.紫薇—野菊花+蒲公英群丛；Ⅳ.糯米条—野菊花+蒲公英群丛；Ⅴ.须芒草+狗尾草群丛；Ⅵ.须芒草+马鞭草群丛,这6种群丛分别代表的空间位置各异。2)通过分析衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地的物种多样性可知：①物种丰富度、均匀度和生物多样性指数其大小顺序均为：草本层>灌木层>乔木层；②衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地有一定的坡性特征,阴坡植被无论是乔木层、还是灌木层和草本层,它们的物种丰富度、均匀度、Simpson多样性指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均是大于同一水平空间的阳坡；③衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植物生物多样性在不同的垂直空间位置上表现各异,无论是阳坡还是阴坡其物种丰富度、均匀度、Simpson多样性指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数从总体上来说从上坡至下坡有逐步增大的趋势。此特征显示在衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被恢复中应根据不同的立地条件选择相应的植物种类与模式。(2)对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植物群落生物量特征进行研究,其生物量具有以下特点：1)衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地阳坡植物群落平均总生物量为5133.6kg.hm-2,其中乔木层、灌木层、草本层和枯落物层平均生物量分别为1936.7kg.hm-2、1624.7kg.hm-2、1400.8kg.hm-2和171.4kg.hm-2,分别占阳坡植物群落平均总生物量的20.9%、24.1%、50.6%和4.4%；阴坡植物群落平均总生物量为5512.4kg.hm-2,其中乔木层、灌木层、草本层和枯落物层平均生物量分别为2251.4.7kg.hm-2、1650.6kg.hm-2、1437.2.8kg.hm-2和173.2kg.hm-2,分别占阴坡植物群落平均总生物量的22.0%、23.4%、50.3%和4.3%.2)阳坡乔木层、灌木层和草本层其地上部分生物量、根系生物量分别占阳坡乔木总生物量、灌木总生物量和草本总生物量的百分数依次是80.2%、19.8%；52.4%、47.6%和43.6%、56.4%；阴坡乔木层、灌木层和草本层其地上部分生物量、根系生物量分别占阴坡乔木总生物量、灌木总生物量和草本总生物量的百分数依次是83.2%、16.8%；55.0%、45.0%和46.6%、53.4%；3)衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地乔木层、灌木层、草本层和枯落物层的生物量在不同的空间位置其大小顺序依次为：乔木层只在下坡存在；灌木层是中坡>下坡；草本层和枯落物层均为中坡>下坡>上坡；4)衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植物群落枝叶、枯落物、根系生物量占植物群落总生物量的比例其大小顺序的变化规律是：上坡与中坡变化规律是根系>枝叶>枯落物,下坡的变化规律是枝叶>根系>枯落物；5)衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同空间位置的草本层的地上部分的生物量和地下部分生物量比值从上坡至下坡逐渐增大。(3)在衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地以受干扰而退化,经封育后自然恢复至灌丛阶段的植物群落为研究对象,通过在其中设置400个5m×5m共计1hm2的相邻网格样方,对其进行群落学调查。应用聚集指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数、格林指数、聚集强度、Cassie指标、方差均值比的t检验等方法,研究了衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地自然恢复灌丛阶段群落主要种群的空间分布格局。结果表明：所有种群的空间分布呈显著的聚集分布,同时,各种群在不同的发育阶段也呈聚集分布,且随发育阶段的进展聚集程度逐渐减小。这主要与物种本身的生态学与生物学特性有关,以及与物种的竞争排斥作用有密切联系。聚集程度的大小在一定的程度上可用来表征植物群落的恢复程度,随着恢复过程的向前发展,种群聚集程度将下降。(4)用定量分析法对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植物群落自然恢复演替进程中种群生态位动态进行了研究。先用“空间代替时间”的方法,选择四类典型样地,分别代表群落演替进程中四个不同的阶段。再用Levins生态位宽度公式和Pianka生态位重叠公式测算不同演替阶段内所有种群的生态位宽度以及生态位重叠,并分析它们的生态学意义。结果表明：1)生态位较宽的植物种类有较强的环境适应能力和较高的资源利用能力；2)种群生态位动态较好地表征了生境、竞争关系与分布格局的变化动态；3)生态位较宽的种群间与有较多相似生态特性的种群间的生态位重叠较大；4)群落内种群的平均生态位重叠值从演替阶段Ⅰ至演替阶段Ⅲ逐渐增加,至演替阶段Ⅲ最大,至演替阶段Ⅳ稍有回落。(5)对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地0～50cm土层土壤进行研究。结果表明：1)在同一水平空间位置上,土壤平均含水量总的变化趋势是阴坡>阳坡,而土壤水分变异系数则呈现出相反的变化规律；2)在同一垂直空间位置上,阴坡与阳坡不同坡位的土壤含水量的变化规律均为：下坡>中坡>上坡。阳坡的土壤水分变异系数的大小顺序是：阳坡上坡>阳坡中坡>阳坡下坡；而阴坡则呈现出相反的变化趋势；3)在同一水平空间位置,不同坡向土壤剖面含水量变化明显,随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量增加。从土壤水分的变异系数来看,无论是阳坡还是阴坡,随着土层深度的增加,均呈现出先减小后增大的“V”形规律,土壤水分的最稳定的层次均出现在10～30cm处。(6)通过总结前人的研究成就和采集湖南农业大学生态研究所紫色土生态实验站部分收集整理和实验数据,从全局性、紧迫性、高效性、层次性、可持续性、创新性和多样性的角度提出了衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被恢复模式建设的三种典型模式,即：在其上坡、中坡与下坡分别采取灌草模式、乔灌草模式、和经济林果与绿肥牧草模式,以期促进该区域的生态、经济和社会的全面协调与可持续发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 By systemically studying the natural restoration vegetation characters and the vegetation restoration mode construction in Sloping-land with Purple Soils in Hengyang, the results showed that:(1) Classification of plant community in Sloping-land with Purple Soils in Hengyang was conducted by fuzzy classification analysis, and species diversity of different spaces were analyzed by richness index(R), Simpson index (D), Shannon-Wiener index (H) and Pielous evenness index (E).The results showed that:1) the plant communities in the purple soil slope of Hengyang could be divided into six types:Ⅰ.Ass. Cuninghamia lanceolata—Vitex negundo var.cannabifolia+Serissa foetida—Prunella vulgaris.;Ⅱ. Ass. Pinus massoniana—Vitex negundo var.cannabifolia+Serissa foetida—Chrysanthemum indicum;Ⅲ. Ass.Agrimonia pilosa—Chrysanthemum indicum+Taraxacum mongolicum;Ⅳ. Ass. Abelia chinensis—Chrysanthemum indicum+Taraxacum mongolicum;Ⅴ. Ass. Miscanthus sinensis+Setaria viridis;Ⅵ. Ass. Miscanthus sinensis+Verbena officinalis.These six plant communities were distributed in different spaces.2)The species diversities in Sloping-land with purple soils in Hengyang were analyzed and the results showed that:①The sequence of richness index, evenness indexand diversity index from high to low was as follows:herb layer> shrub layer> tree layer.②here were certain characters of sloping-land with Purple Soils in Hengyang, richness index(R),Simpson index(D),Shannon-Wiener index(H) and Pielous evenness index(E) of tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer were higher in north-facing slope than those of the corresponding level places in south-facing slope;③Bio-diversity indices were different in perpendicular space in sloping-land with Purple Soils in Hengyang. Richness index(R), Simpson index (D), Shannon-Wiener index (H) and Pielous evenness index (E) were of a trend to increase from the upper-slope to the lower-slope, It showed that the plant catorgories and modes were different in different places in Sloping-land with purple soils in Hengyang.(2) The biomass properties of the plant communities on the purple soil slope in Hengyang was studied.The results are as follows:1)In south-facing slope,the total biomass of the plant communities on the purple soil slope in Hengyang was 5133.6kg.hm-2,The biomass of the tree layer,the shrub layer,the herbage layer and the deadwood and defoliation layer were 1936.7kg.hm-2,1624.7kg.hm"2,1400.8kg.hm-2and 171.4kg.hm-2,they each account for 20.9%,24.1%,50.6% and 4.4% of the total biomass of the plant commumities; In north-facing slope,the total biomass of the plant communities on the purple soil slope in Hengyang was 5512.4kg.hm’2,The biomass of the tree layer,the shrub layer,the herbage layer and the deadwood and defoliation layer were 2251.4.7kg.hm-2,1650.6kg.hm-2,1437.2kg. hm-2and 173.2kg.hm-2,they each account for 22.0%,23.4%,50.3% and 4.3% of the total biomass of the plant commumities; 2)In south-facing slope,the percentage of the above-ground biomass and the root biomass in the tree layer,the shrub layer,the herbage layer each was 80.2%,19.8%; 52.4%,47.6% and 43.6%,56.4%; in north-facing slope,the percentage of the above-ground biomass and the root biomass in the tree layer,the shrub layer,the herbage layer each was 83.2%,16.8%; 55.0%,45.0%,46.6%and 53.4%; 3) The biomass of the tree layer,the shrub layer and the herbage layer on the purple soil slope in Hengyang were different:the tree layer only exists in the down-slope;the sequence of the biomass of the shrub layer is:the middle-slope> the down-slope; the sequence of the biomass of the herbage layer and the deadwood and defoliation are all:the middle-slope> the down-slope>the-upper slope; 4)The percentage of the biomass of the branches and the leaves,the deadwood and defoliation and the root in the total biomass are.in the upper-slope and the middle-slope, the sequence is:the roots>the branches and leaves> the deadwood and defoliation,but in the down-slope,the sequence is:the branches and the leaves> the roots> the deadwood and the defoliation; (5)The ratio between the percentage of the above-ground biomass and the root biomass in the herbage layer total biomass gradually increase from the upper-slope to the down-slope on the purple soil slope in Hengyang.(3) This study makes a survey from the perspective of community studies.It is conducted in the shrub stage community of natural vegetation recovery process at Sloping-land with Purple Soils in Hengyang,where 1hm2 plot with 400 contiguous quadrats(5m×5m) was designed. The spatial pattern of main populations of natural recovery shrub stage community were measured with the help of 6 indexes,such as clump index,index of mean crowing,index of patching,Green’s index,the clumping intensity index,Cassie’s index and variance/mean ratio method as well as.All the spatial pattern of the main populations of the shrub community was clumpy.The results revealed that the distribution of the populations was influenced mainly by their biological and ecological characteristics.In addition,competition among the species would affect the distribution pattern of the populations.With the progress of restoration,the clumping intensity would decrease,so it could be used as an indicator for plant community restoration in some degree.(4) The niche dynamics in natural restoration succession process in Sloping-land with Purple Soils in Hengyang were studied by the quantitative analysis method. First,by using the space series to replace time courses,four typical sample plots standing for four different successive stages were chosen.then the niche breadths and the niche overlaps were measured using the formula described by Levins and Pianka,and further analyzed their ecological sense. The results showed that:1) The species with the largest niche breaths have stronger capacity to adapt to environment and higher efficiency to utilize resources;2)The dynamics of niche properly manifested the dynamics of environment,competition relationship and distribution pattern;3)The niche overlaps were higher between the species that had greater niche breadths and these species that had more similar ecological characteristics;4)The average niche overlaps increased from succession stageⅠto succession stageⅢ, and reached tiptop in successionⅢ,and then decreased little in successionⅣ.(5) The soil of 0～50cm on the purple soil slope in Hengyang was studied. The results showed that:l)In the same level space,as to the water content in soil,the result was:the north-facing slope>the south-facing slope, but there was a contrary tendency in coefficient of variance in soil water;2) In the same perpendicular space, as to the water content in soil,the result was:the lower-slope> the middle-slope> the upper-slope.As to the coefficient of variance in soil water on the south-facing slope,the result was:the upper-slope>the middle-slope>the lower-slope,but there a contrary tendency in the coefficient of variance in soil water on the north-facing slope; 3) In the same level space,with the increasing in the depth in soil,there was a increasing tendency in the water content.As to the coefficient of variance in soil wate,it present a regulation of "V"curve, with the increasing in the depth in soil there was a decreasing tendency first then there was a increasing tendency both on the south-facing slope and the north-facing slope,in the depth of 10-30cm,the water content in soil is the stablest.(6) By summarizing the achievements of previous studies and collecting experimental data from Ecological Experimental Station of Purple Soil of Ecological Research Institute of Hunan Agriculture University,this paper put forword three typical models to vegetation restoration in Sloping-land with Purple Soils in Hengyang from aspects of overall situation,urgency,efficiency,hierarchy, sustainabi-lity, innovation and diversity.These three models:shrub-grass mode,arbor-shrub-grass mode,and fruit bushes-green manure crops in upper slope、middle slope and down slope respectively,are expected promote the all-round,continually and harmonious development of ecology,ecomical and society.更多还原