【作者】 黄大金；

【导师】 李江；

【作者基本信息】 湖南农业大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 中国乡村社区治理研究是继取消人民公社、推行家庭联产承包责任制后又一新的探索中国农村社会建设与发展的战略性命题。论文以社区为视角,借鉴目前国内外有关社区治理理念,紧紧围绕我国新农村建设的具体任务,系统分析研究了我国乡村社区治理沿革、现状及存在的问题,并以湖南乡村社区建设作为实证研究对象,研究设计符合社会主义新农村背景下的乡村社区优化治理结构及其改革、建设与发展的策略,为打造一个真正让乡村社区居民当家作主,政府、社会各类组织协调,充满活力的且与外部紧密联系的开放性的和谐乡村社区的治理体系,为我国乡村社区政治经济文化体制改革创新提供更充分的理论依据和可靠的实践指导。主要论点包括：中国乡村社区治理根本目标是建设现代文明乡村社区。改革开放三十多年,面对中国政治、经济、社会、文化的急剧变革,面对城乡日益扩大的生活条件差距和居民收入差距,面对国家庞大的人口压力和人均可用资源的极度稀缺,必须开创新的思路,改革乡村社区发展战略和国家财税分配体制,加大乡村社区一级社会各项事业综合发展的财政投入,并利用乡村社区居民间特有的休戚与共和历史形成的社区凝聚力、归属感、荣誉感,走乡村社区化发展道路,大力发展乡村社区化组织,强力推进乡村社区经济、社区文化、社区教育发展和乡村社区生态资源环境保护以及乡村社区公共基础设施、社区服务体系、社区社会保障体系建设。中国乡村社区治理必由之路是科学统筹城乡协调发展。建设现代文明乡村社区必须从宏观层面上深化改革城乡发展格局,把宽泛意义上宏观研究农村、农业、农民问题转到具体研究乡村社区、乡村社区经济、乡村社区居民生产生活问题上来,真正实现城乡科学统筹协调发展。要把中国乡村社区治理与中国城市化发展相融合,提高大中城市社区、城镇社区、城镇郊区社区、乡村社区规划建设及其资源开发利用的整合度。要系统建设发展承接中国城市化影响力和辐射力的具有鲜明特色的乡村社区各类公共治理平台。推进乡村社区民主自治是中国乡村社区治理重要前提。大幅度下放管理权限,确保基层部门或单位充分行使自治权利是当今世界行政管理发展的大趋势。乡村社区居民作为农村改革与发展的主体,蕴藏着巨大的创造力。只要尊重他们的创造精神、维护他们的合法权益、满足他们的合理诉求,并为其提供必要的条件,就会激活他们的热情,调动他们的积极性,在乡村社区改革和发展中发挥出巨大的潜能,进而产生推进乡村社区经济社会发展的强大内在动力,并形成乡村社区改革与发展的内生长效机制。中国乡村社区治理关键所在是培养造就乡村社区精英。中国乡村社区治理人才的缺失程度与城乡差距程度成高度正相关。充分发挥乡村社区党支部及村委会组织引导作用,大力扶持和紧紧依靠乡村社区各类人才,积极创建发展社区自治组织直接决定乡村社区治理成效。中国所有“明星乡村社区”在很大程度上源于当地出类拔萃的领路人。各级政府组织必须加大培育社区精英能人力度,发挥他们引领乡村社区建设发展的核心作用。中国乡村社区治理现实选择是坚持乡村社区分类治理。由于各地区位资源、人文、经济、政治条件差异,乡村社区的建设与发展呈现极度不平衡状态。必须根据各个乡村社区的具体情况实事求是,因地制宜,科学治理。中国乡村社区治理应有之策是编制乡村社区发展规划。长期以来真正由乡村社区居民自己做主的适合于当地乡村社区的发展规划严重缺失,导致目前社区居民对世世代代休养生息的家园路在何方陷入深深的困惑与迷茫。科学制定适于乡村社区长远发展的战略规划,提出乡村社区治理的战略目标、战略重点和发展方向,实现社区布局重组、经济重构、设施重建、生态重整、形象重塑,以确保乡村社区治理沿着正确的轨道安全健康持续向前推进。中国乡村社区治理当务之急是财政建设社区基础设施。中国乡村社区治理最直接最有效最根本的措施在加大国家财政对乡村社区治理的投入力度。乡村社区政治、经济、文化、教育、社会秩序、公共事业治理的基础设施建设,国家财政应根据不同地区、不同经济发展水平、不同建设的项目类别通盘规划,加大政策倾斜,逐项落实到位。中国城市化基础设施规划建设应统筹考虑辐射到整个乡村社区范围,以方便城乡一体化发展对接。中国乡村社区治理首要任务是发展乡村社区合作经济。目前支撑乡村社区经济好坏的根本因素取决于当地是否形成高效主导产业和当地区位条件。区位条件、自然资源条件、经济能人、农业经济合作组织对乡村社区经济发展起着至关重要的作用。社区集体经济、新兴高效产业、现代农业的多功能开发、第三产业是推动乡村社区经济跨越式发展的重要驱轮。加快乡村社区公共事业建设是中国乡村社区治理迫切需求。政府应当承担的乡村社区公共基础设施、社区救助体系等社会保障及社区公共服务职责,可根据地域的层次性和受益范围,明确界定各级政府责任,由各级财政分门别类支持到位。充分利用社区深厚的社会人脉资源,广泛开展乡村社区慈善捐资活动,将社区公益公共事业办成社区荣誉荣耀事业是推进社区建设治理的有效途径。确保乡村社区生态安全是中国乡村社区治理永恒职责。以农业生产和农村生活为主体的中国广大乡村社区其生态环境治理事关中国农业乃至整个国家经济社会发展的根基。目前席卷中国大地的城镇化浪潮正直逼18亿亩耕地红线,必须坚决遏制各地“土地财政”增长势头,根本改变经济增长方式,着力建设节约型循环型农业生态社区,真正把乡村社区生态环境治理落实到位。确保中国特色的乡村社区农业生态免遭侵蚀,当成为中国科学稳定持续发展的基本国策。创新乡村社区管理组织是中国乡村社区治理基本保障。推进乡村社区治理。必须形成乡村社区核心价值理念,重塑乡村社区精神家园。要广泛动员村民组织起来,搭建各种自我服务的公共管理平台,创新乡村社区管理组织,明确并强化乡村社区公共管理者的职责定位和功能,科学建立充分调动社区居民积极投身社区自治的长效机制,真正承担起新形势下乡村社区经济繁荣、生态和谐、公共事业发展的历史责任。论文主要创新点：(1)在中国全面实施城乡统筹战略的背景下,系统进行中国乡村社区化治理研究,将宽泛意义上研究农业、农村、农民的问题落实到具体研究以农业生产和农村生活为主体的乡村社区、乡村社区居民、乡村社区发展上来在国内尚属首次。(2)首次进行中国乡村社区治理的理论基础问题研究,提出了具有中国特色的乡村社区概念以及六大乡村社区治理理论支撑。(3)首次就乡村社区治理结构及其功能定位进行系统研究。(4)首次系统提出中国乡村社区治理的十一大方略。更多还原

【Abstract】 Research on governance of China’s Rural Community is a strategic proposition following the abolition of people’s communes, after the implementation of a new contract responsibility system in rural China to explore the social construction and development of China’s rural society. From the perspective of community, drawing on concepts of governance of the community at home and abroad, closely focusing on specific tasks of China’s new rural construction, evolution, the status quo and existing problems in rural societies were systematically analyzed.Using Hunan Rural Community-building as empirical object of study, research and design in line with a new socialist countryside in the context of rural communities their strategies for optimal governance structure reform,construction and development strategies of rural community were researched in line with new socialist rural construction. An adequate theoretical basis and practically reliable guidance will be provided for governing system of harmonious rural community in which farmers are their own masters, the Government and the various types of organizations are in coordination with each other, dynamic and in close contact with the outside and open and innovation in political, economic and cultural system in rural area.The main arguments of this research project include:Building modern and civilized rural communities is the fundamental objective in governance of China’s rural communities. After 30 years of reform and opening up, both the potentials and drawbacks of the household contract responsibility system has played to its limits., In the face of dramatic changes of China in politic, economy, society, culture, the growing urban-rural income gap and the gap between living conditions, in the face of pressure of the country’s vast population and the extreme scarcity of available resources per capita, simply relying on a number of agricultural production subsidies, raising prices of certain agricultural products and other temporary charity of preferential agricultural policy can not solve the fundamental problems facing "three rural issues".Opening up new ideas, systematically reforming strategy of rural and social development of the nation,, research on rural are as, agriculture and farmers in the broad and macro sense should be transferred to specific studies on rural communities, public utilities, economy of rural communities, ecological and environmental problems in rural communities to reach a truly coordinated development of city and country.Governance of all rural community should be integrated with urban development from the concept, utilization of integration of the cities, towns, suburbs of cities and towns, planning and construction of rural communities and its resources’ development Fundamentally reform the distribution system of national tax revenue;increase the financial input on integrated development of various social undertakings at the village level,; walk on the rural community-based development path with Chinese characteristics; vigorously develop the rural community-based organizations.Systematically the rural community, the public platform undertaking the influence and radiation of China’s urbanization should be established,promote construction of a strong rural communities, public infrastructure, community economy, ulture in community,development of community education, and community service system, community-based social security system.Being scientific,comprehensive and coordinated in urban and rural development is essential for governance of China’s rural community. Opening up new ideas, systematically reforming strategy of rural and social development of the nation,, research on rural are as, agriculture and farmers in the broad and macro sense should be transferred to specific studies on rural communities, public utilities, economy of rural communities, ecological and environmental problems in rural communities to reach a truly coordinated development of city and country. Governance of all rural community should be integrated with urban development from the concept, utilization of integration of the cities, towns, suburbs of cities and towns,planning and construction of rural communities and its resources’development.Fundamentally reform the distribution system of national tax revenue;increase the financial input on integrated development of various social undertakings at the village level,; walk on the rural community-based development path with Chinese characteristics; vigorously develop the rural community-based organizations.Systematically the rural community, the public platform undertaking the influence and radiation of China’s urbanization should be established,promote construction of a strong rural communities, public infrastructure, community economy,culture in community,development of community education,and community service system, community-based social security system,Being scientific, comprehensive and coordinated in urban and rural development is essential for governance of China’s rural community.To promote democratic self-governing in rural community is an important prerequisite for governance of China’s rural community. As main body in rural reform and development, residents of rural communities are accumulating a vast reservoir of creativity. As long as their creative spirit could be respected, their legitimate rights and interests could be defended, their reasonable demands could be satisfied. And the necessary conditions are provided in support of them, it will activate their enthusiasm, bring out their initiative.In rural reform and development, giving full play to their enormous potential and, thus, a strong internal drive for promoting rural economic and social development will be produced to form an endogenous long-term mechanism in rural reform and development.And elites training in rural community is the key to community governance in rural China. In China’s rural communities, the degree of lack of qualified personnel in human resources management has a high degree of positive correlation with extent of urban-rural gap, battle effectiveness of rural communities and village party branch directly determine the effectiveness of rural community governance, All of China’s "Star Village" in large part originated from the excellent local leaders. All levels of government organizations must step up efforts to nurture the community elite,give play to their central role in leading construction and development of rural communities.Persistence in category management of rural communities is a realistic choice of governance in rural communities. As a result of extreme imbalance of different areas in resources, human, economy and politic conditions, construction and development of rural communities specific circumstances of the various rural communities must be taken into account, seeking truth from facts, according to local conditions, carrying out scientific governing. The preparation of rural community development planning for China’s rural community should be done for policy of governance. For a long time, there is a serious shortage of local rural community development planning made by residents in the rural community which satisfies its development,thus leading to the confusion and frustration that the present community residents possess for the direction of their homes for generations. Scientifically developing strategic plan suitable for long-term development of rural communities, proposing strategic goals, strategic focus and direction in governance of rural communities to ensure that the governance of rural communities continue to move forward along the right track safely and healthily.Finance input into community-based facilities is urgent in community governance in rural China. In China rural community governance,the most direct and effective and fundamental measure is to increase the state’s financial input in governance on the rural communities. In infrastructure in rural communities such as the politics, economy, culture, education, social order, governance of public utilities, According to different regions and different levels of economic development, different categories of construction projects our country should have an overall planning, increase investment, and make one by one in place.Cooperative economic development of rural communities is top priority in governance of China’s rural communities. At present the key factors supporting economy of rural community depends on the formation of a high-efficient leading industries and location conditions. Three factors such as geographic conditions, natural resource conditions and economic genius is vital to development of economy of rural community. The collective economy in communities,emerging high-performance industries, multi-functional development of modern agriculture, the tertiary industry is a key drive wheel to promote a great-leap-forward development of economy of rural community.Speeding up the construction of public utilities in rural communities is a urgent need for community governance in rural China. Construction of the rural community public infrastructure, community-based support system and other social security and community public service obligations that the Government should bear, supported by various levels of government in place by category according to the level and benefit from the geographic scope, clearly defining the responsibility of governments at all levels.To ensure its ecological safety is the eternal responsibilities in governance of China’s rural communities. Harnessing of e cological environment in China’s vast rural community taking agricultural production and rural life as the main body bears on China’s agriculture and the whole foundation of the country’s economic and social development, currently,urbanization is sweeping vast land of China and encroaching upon the red line,18 million hectares of arable land the "land finance" growth momentum must be resolutely curbed around, the way of economic growth must be fundamentally changed. Exerting our abilities in building a conservation-oriented and circulatory rural eco-cycle of the community, truly carrying out the administration of the ecological environment in rural communities to prevent the erosion of China’s agro-ecological characteristics of rural communities, basic is supposed to be a national policy for scientific and stable and sustained development of China.Innovation of management organizations in rural communities is essential to protect governance of the rural community. Promoting governance of rural communities must be based on the formation of the core values of rural communities and rebuilding of their homes in the spirit of rural communities. It is necessary to extensively mobilize the villagers to organize themselves to build a variety of self-served public management platform. Innovating management organizations of rural communities, clarifying and strengthening the responsibilities positioning and function of managers of public affairs Scientifically establishing a long-term mechanism which could adequately mobilize community residents to actively join the self-government of rural community, Truly being committed to historical responsibility of rural communities under the new situation in economic prosperity, ecological harmony, and development of public utilities.Main innovation points in the Papers:(1) First research on systematic governing of China’s rural community with the idea of comprehensive management of urban and rural area in China. (2) First research on theoretical basis of China’s Rural Community,concept of rural community with Chinese characteristics and six theory system on governance of rural communities were put forward.(3) For the first time, a systematic study was done on structure and functional orientation of governance of rural communities.(4) For the first time,11 strategies for governing of China’s rural community were systematically proposed.更多还原