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孔子天命鬼神思想研究
【作者】 朱俊艺；
【导师】 李申；
【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 中国哲学， 2010， 博士
【摘要】 孔子的天命鬼神观念一直是讨论孔子思想的一个重要组成部分,它不仅关系着孔子个人的信仰,还决定着孔子之后整个儒家对待天命鬼神的信仰和态度,可以说是一个中国哲学和宗教的基本问题。由于从梁启超以来认为“儒教非教”,陈独秀又说中国古代是“无宗教国”,《论语》中许多话就被解释为无神论的,至少是孔子怀疑鬼神存在的证明。而从目前学术界的研究成果来看,大多数学者仍主张孔子对鬼神是持怀疑态度,甚至是不信鬼神的。但也有少数学者认为,孔子信仰鬼神,并且态度十分虔诚。这些表明,应对孔子的天命鬼神思想做进一步的研究。稍加注意就会发现,无论是认为孔子不信天命鬼神,还是赞成孔子信仰天命鬼神,所使用的论据却都是《论语》中所记载的孔子论天命鬼神的语句。这就说明,近现代学者直接理解《论语》所得出的理解,并不能直接论证孔子的天命鬼神思想。也就是说,问题的关键是对《论语》的理解。实际上,孔子作为儒家的创始者,在中国的历史上具有特殊重要的地位,后世儒者都以孔子为至圣先师,不断传承孔子的思想,所以,理解孔子的思想,也决不可忽略整个历史的传承,而这一点,正是本文研究孔子天命鬼神思想的突破口,即将历代儒者对《论语》的注疏,作为理解孔子天命鬼神思想的基础,从历史传承角度上来理解孔子的思想,虽然历代儒者所处时代不同,对孔子的思想各有侧重或发挥,但通过比较梳理各时代儒者的注疏,从中可以看出其共同的倾向,而这种共同之处,可以作为我们理解孔子天命鬼神思想的有力依据。故本文首先以历代儒者对《论语》的注疏为基础,通过全面分析《论语》中所记载天命鬼神的语句,探讨各句话的本义,从历代儒者的历史传承中确定孔子对天命鬼神的态度。其次,以《论语》为中心,通过孔子天命鬼神与各思想之间的相互联系,如天命与人事的关系,天命与政治的关系,鬼神与人事的关系等等,深入探讨其天命鬼神思想。最后得出结论:孔子对天命鬼神是虔诚信仰的。
【Abstract】 Confucius’statement on Ming and supernatural being are always the important parts of the Confucius thoughts. They concern not only Confucius’ personal beliefs, but also they determine the Confucian beliefs and attitudes towards Ming and supernatural being after Confucius. They are , as it were , basic Chinese philosophical and religionary issues.As Liang Qichao considered that "Confucianism is not a religion", and Chen Duxiu said that Ancient China was a "irreligion country", many words in "The Analects" were interpreted as atheism. At least ,they are the proofs that Confucius suspected the existence of spirits. Based on the current academic researches, most scholars still advocate the fact, that Confucius is skeptical of ghosts, or even does not believe in gods.However, a few scholars hold that Confucius believes in ghosts, what is more, his attitude is very pious. In view of various interpretation and understanding concerning this theme, further researches on Ming and supernatural being need to be conducted.Paying a little more attention, we will find that, no matter whether we are in favor of that Confucius believe in Ming and supernatural being or not, all the arguments quoted are Confucius’statement relating to such subject in "The Analects". It indicates that the modern scholars’interpretation, which on the basis of direct understanding of "The Analects" can not directly demonstrate Confucius thought of Ming and supernatural being. That is to say, what matters is that the correct understanding of "The Analects".Actually, Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, plays a special role in Chinese history. Confucians respected Confucius as the greatest sage and teacher, inheriting his thoughts continuously. Therefore, we are not allowed to ignore the whole historical transmission when understanding the thoughts of Confucius. This point is just the breakthrough of my thesis regarding Confucius ideas about Ming, and supernatural being. Namely, we take the commentary on "The Analects" among the ancient Confucians as the interpretation of Confucian thoughts and understand the thinking of Confucius from the historical transmission view, Although the ancient Confucian were in different era, having been focused on the different ideas of Confucius, we could compare various commentary among Confucian, finding their common tendency, which serves as a solid argument on our interpretation of the Confucian thought.Therefore, the article are firstly based on ancient Confucians’commentary on "The Analects", investigating the original meaning of the words through comprehensive analysis of the Confucius’statement on Ming and supernatural being from "The Analects", determining Confucius’s attitude towards Ming that in terms of the historical transmission by ancient Confucian.Secondly, foucusing on "The Analects", the article has probed into the ideas about Ming and supernatural being. through the relationship between destiny, supernatural being and various ideologies, (for example, the relationship between Ming and human factor, the relationship between Ming and politics as well as supernatural being and human factor etc.) Finally, we draw a conclusion that Confucius is a devout disciple of Ming and supernatural being.