北宋士大夫地方教化研究

【作者】 战秀梅；

【导师】 黄纯艳；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 唐宋时期是中国古代社会发生重要变化的时期：贵族政治转变为官僚政治制度、科举制度逐步完善、士大夫阶层崛起、租佃制盛行等。宋代科学技术的进步、对人文的关怀及知识的普及,使礼仪文化向社会各个阶层普及,各个阶层都开始接受以儒家经典为主要根据的礼教。唐宋时期的地方管理制度从乡官制转变成职役制,地方社会的运行中士大夫的作用越来越重要。他们社会使命感、责任感空前增强,以重整社会秩序为己任,主动通过多种途径有意识的对地方民众进行宣传教化。正是由于他们的教化活动,才将儒家倡导的理念和国家倡导的意识形态深入贯彻到民众之中。从北宋政府对科举制的改革和士大夫的争论中可以看出对官员教化职能的重视。士大夫自身对教化行为对维持社会秩序的作用也很看重,认为教化更容易使地方社会风俗清明,百姓安居乐业。他们的地方教化活动主要包括以下几个方面：首先是作为官方身份的兴学活动、旌表、劝谕与禁断活动、主持礼仪活动和以文学倡导教化的活动。士大夫秉承儒家传统观念,把学校看作是宣传人伦道德的重要场所,认为学校的兴废关系到风俗道德的好坏,极力兴办各种学校宣传儒家思想和政府倡导的社会主流思想。学校中将讲授内容与培养忠君、孝亲、恭敬、诚信等目标联系在一起。教学中也注重各种典礼仪式对学生的教育,使他们直接受儒家的伦理道德价值观念和行为模式。政府通过旌表、劝谕、禁断活动张扬符合儒家道德价值观念和伦常礼教标准的行为,取缔违背儒家伦理价值的行为。劝谕百姓遵从儒家的伦理规范,使当地社会形成互相礼让、尊老敬老的社会风气。禁断活动一方面消除了潜在的社会不安定因素,另一方面又通过政府主动行为体现了政府的权威性。某些地方信仰的合法化还是对民众信仰现状的一种妥协。地方官主持各种仪式也是在宣扬教化,使民众行为符合儒家和政府倡导的主流道德和价值观念,达到息狱讼、除盗贼、美风俗的目的,维护了社会的稳定,彰显了政府的权威。地方官还以文学行为写作各种文章来倡导其价值理念和教化思想。他们所倡导的行为的类似行为不断增多,教化起到了很大的效果。其次是士大夫在家庭、家族内的教化,主要是针对子女、家人。士大夫为了加强家族内部的凝聚力,往往以书信、为文作诗等方式对子弟们讲明道理,把儒家思想和政府的统治理念在家族内部进行贯彻。他们鼓励子弟读书,在日常生活中以自己的行为对家人施加影响,家内教化的成效非常显着,在地方社会也产生示范性的影响。再次是士大夫在地方社会中也会采用各种方式教化地方民众。倡导订立乡约、乡规、协助或自己兴办各种学校、日常生活中履行博施济众的观念等行为在民众中树立起自己的威望,为人们做表率,在当地社会中发挥了很好的教化作用。地方信仰体系中也体现出士大夫的教化理念和作用,而且地方信仰体系中一直都伴随着士大夫和民众的互动关系。总体说来,由北宋士大夫的地方教化活动可以看出：政府在有意识的强调教化影响,士大夫在主动地、有意识地对民众进行教化。这说明地方社会管理中士大夫发挥着越来越重要的作用,但民众并非完全被动,他们始终与政府和士大夫有所互动。更多还原

【Abstract】 Important changes happened in Tang and Song dynasties of ancient Chinese society: aristocracy transformed into bureaucracy in the political system,Imperiol Examination System gradually improved, literati class rised, tenancy system prevailed and so on. The development of science and technology of Song dynasty、the concerning of humanities and popularizing of knowledge make etiquette culture popular in all levels of society.They began to accept the Confucianism from Confucian classics. Local management system during the Tang and Song dynasty transformed from the village bureaucracy into zhiyi system, the scholar play more and more important role in the running of local community. Their social mission and social responsibility increased rapidly and they wanted to restructure the social order.They enlightened local people through various channels initiatively and consciously. Because of their teaching activities, they make the masses of the people accept the concept of Confucian and national adeology.From the reform of Imperial Examination system and literati’s debate of Northern sung Dynasty we can see the government value officials’role of education. Scholar-bureaucrat themselves value their enlightenment behavior in maintaining social order.They think enlightenment can easily make local social customs clear and people live and work well. The following are their enlightenment activitiesFirst, official uphold education activity, commendation, advisory activities and inhibition activities, they presided over ceremonial activities and promote literary activities for enlightenment. Scholar-bureaucrat inheriting Confucian tradition, they take the school as the important place of promoting ethics and morality and think the rise and fall of the school is related to customs and moral.In order to promote Confucianism and the government advocacy mainstream,they set up many schools strongly. The content and training:loyalty, filial, respect, honesty and so on are taught in schools.The officials also focus on the education of students though a variety of ceremonies so that they accept the Confucian ethics and values and behavior patterns. Government publicized the behavior that consistent with the Confucian moral values and standard of behavior in family, decency and propriety through the Commendation, advisory activities and inhibition activities and banning violation of the value of Confucian ethics. They advised people to comply with Confucian ethics and make the local scociaty develop the social atmosphere of being courteous to each other and respecting elderly people. Forbidden activities eliminated the potential social unrest and reflects the government’s authority the Government’s initiative. The legalization of some local belief is a compromise between the people and the government. The purpose of local officials presiding over a variety of ceremony is spreading enlightenment to the people and make the people’s behavior consistent with the mainstream of Confucian ethics and values, and there’s no proceedings or prison defendants, no theft and better customs in local scociaty,which maintain social stability, demonstrate the government’s authority. Local officials also wrote articles to promote their ideas and enlightenment thought. The similar acts to the acts that they advocated increased, enlightenment produced great effects.Second, In order to strengthen the cohesion of the family,the scholars cducate their children, families by letter, writing poetry etc, made them know basis and the Confucianism rule and the concept of government in the family. They encourage the children to study, and make effects on the family in their daily lives. The effectiveness of their behavior in the home education is significant, which produced a model in the local community.Third,the scholars in the local community also educated local people in various ways: promoting to formulate local rules or regulations, assisting or setting up various schools and to fulfilling the public’s concept of charity extensively and other economic behavior in daily life,which fostering their own prestige in people.They set a good example for people in the local community and played a good role in education. Local belief system also reflect the concept and role of the literati’s Enlightenment. There’s interaction between elite and popular in the local belief systemOverall, from the enlightenment activities of Northern sung Dynasty,we can find:government emphasised on cultivation effects consciously, literati educate the people actively and consciously. That shows elite,the management of local social, is playing an increasingly important role, but people are not entirely passive, they always are interactive with the government and the literati.更多还原