稻米流通与近代安徽地方社会（1877-1937）

【作者】 王春芳；

【导师】 苏智良；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 清代前期,安徽是国内主要来源地,皖米以江浙为主要销区。近代,湖南、江西等省份稻米输出量较清代日订期大为减少,广西不再是广东的主要来源地,福建也失去了台湾稻米的接济；安徽人口锐减,口粮消耗骤降,农业生产呈单一的水稻生产的特点,稻米生产的商品化率高于全国水平,水稻产量也有一定程度的增长,芜湖米市在稳定后发挥了强大的市场汇聚作用。在多种因素的合力作用下,安徽成为国内首要的稻米输出省份。其稻米市场的辐射范围南达闽粤、东至江浙,西到川鄂,北及平津,还远销国外,如日本等地。皖省稻米的流通是多向的。在省内,一方面,稻米由余米区向缺米区流动；另一方面,输往省外的稻米从产地汇聚到蚌埠、滁县和芜湖。其中,芜湖是大宗皖米输出的集散中心,其稻米输出量在三个中心中最大。皖米对外输出量以输往江浙和广东为最大。同时,由于交通运输条件、历史习惯等原因,徽州缺粮区还从省外(主要是浙赣两省)常年输入稻米。在省内发生重大灾害,稻米生产不能自给时,安徽也从省外购粮,甚至采办洋米赈济民食。安徽稻米市场组织的构成者主要有稻米零售商、贩运商,稻米经纪业、稻米加工业、仓储业及附着于稻米流通而存在的斛米业、绞包业、抗包业、石粉生产业等行业,还有与稻米流通有密切业务联系的金融业、运输业等。稻米贸易是近代安徽商业的主要内容,因而,上述行业的发展态势与稻米流通的兴衰有着显著的相关性。安徽稻米流通市场是一个以芜湖为中心的层级体系。在这个市场层级体系中,各地稻米价格具有显著的联动性；在量器的使用上,各地容量呈与价格梯度基本一致的“容量梯度”。芜湖米市在60年运行中,经历了发展、兴盛和衰落三个阶段。在基层市场是无数个乡村集市。在集市上汇集的稻米,有的直接运往省外,更多的须经中转市场转运。根据稻米的转运情况,在省内形成三类稻米中转市场。稻米流通对近代安徽地方社会影响深刻。稻米流通的状况与稻米主产区农民、地主的生活息息相关；与米粮流通行业从业者的经济收入、生活状态也是休戚相关；稻米价格很大程度上支配着地价。稻米贩运业是安徽商业大宗。在稻作主产区,稻米贸易左右着当地商业的兴衰。对于地方政府来说,稻米流通是进行地方公共建设的主要利源。办学、筑路、训练警察、市政建设、偿还债务、筹措军饷等等均以各种捐税、公债方式向米业征收。稻米流通对近代安徽市镇的发展也发挥了重要作用。稻米流通影响了主产区市镇的布局,与稻米流通相关的行业是当地市镇的主要行业。在这些市镇,商业格局中往往形成了稻米专业商区。这些市镇的发展走向受到稻米贸易的支配。近代天灾人祸频发,在安徽这样的稻米输出省份的主产区也常发生稻米流通事件,引发社会问题,影响社会稳定。发生于宣统二年的南陵遏籴事件便是一个代表。在这个事件中,民众、地方政府、士绅、商人参与其间,他们利益不同,诉求不同,主张各异。反映了在清末社会动荡、政府粮食保障机制运转不灵、社会阶层性质发生变动的背景下,主产区粮食问题的特殊性。近代安徽稻米流通在联系城乡、沟通内外方面起到了重要的经济纽带作用。在与洋米竞争时,国米市场劣势凸显。主要体现在市场经常被割裂、流通不畅,层层转手、成本高昂,苛捐杂税繁重,运输滞延,陋规种类繁多,等客上门、销售方式被动,仓储设备不能适应市场需求,商品品质差、缺乏市场竞争力,缺乏有效的市场调控措施等。以芜湖米市为代表的皖米市场同样具有这些弊端,而且在有些方面尤为突出。为了改善国米市场,提升与洋米的竞争力,政商界纷纷动员,采取了多项改善措施；学界也提出了改善粮食市场的设想。由于稻米贸易的衰落是由近代中国半殖民地半封建的社会性质、诸多的社会问题纠结在一起共同作用的结果,任何单方面的努力都将会有力不从心之虞。更多还原

【Abstract】 In early Qing Dynasty, Anhui was the major rice production region in domestic market and its rice was mainly sold to Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces. In modern times,the rice outputs of Hunan and Jiangxi reduced greatly than before. Guangxi autonomous region no longer the main rice source for Guangdong province. Fujian also lost Taiwan as its main rice supply. However, as the population of Anhui province declined greatly, its grain consumption fell down dramatically.Besides, Anhui agricultural production was characterized by its rice production as its major grain outpout and its rate of rice production commercialization is higher than the national average. The rice yield also had grown in a certain degree. Wuhu rice market played a great role in gathering markets, which also helped stablize domestic rice market. Due to those combined efforts, Anhui became the primary rice source region in China,its rice can be sold to Guangdong and Fujian provinces to its south, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces to its east, Sichuan and Hubei provinces to its west, Beijing and Tianjin municipalities to its north, and even exported to some foreign countries like Japan.The rice circulation of Anhui is multidirectional. On the one hand, inside the province, rice flowed from superabundant to those insufficient areas; On the other hand, rice gathered from its production place to those markets in Bengbu, Chuxian and Wuhu in order to be exported outside Anhui province. Among those three regions, Wuhu had the largest rice distribution center, whose rice exportation also towered over other two markets. The rice of Anhui markets was mainly exported to JiangZhe and Guangdong provinces.At the same time, due to transportation conditions and historical conventions,some areas in Huizhou were lack of rice and still need imported rice perennially from Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces. When Anhui was striken by heavy natural disasters and its own rice production was insufficient, rice had to be imported from other provinces, even from foreign countries to supply enough food for those refugees.The organization of Anhui rice market was very complicatedly structured, mainly consisting of those people working in such walks of line as rice retailers, rice dealers, rice brokers, rice production and storage men, and rice measurer, rice packager, rice-carrying men; stone powder for rice-polishing that were affiliated to rice circulation, and those industries such as financial and transporting industries that were closely related to rice circulation. Rice trade was the major part of Anhui commercial industry. Therefore, the developing trend of those industries can be easily affected by the rise and decline of rice circulation.Anhui rice circulation markert was a multi-leveled system, whose center was Wuhu, a port city in South Anhui. Inside this market system,the rice price in different places was strikingly interrelated. On the use of rice-measuring tools, the volume of their measuring tools matched with their rice price, which appeared to be similar standard. Wuhu rice market underwent its rising, flourishing and declining periods in its past 60 years. In its primary level, there are numerous rice-dealing countryside markets. To those rice gathered in the bazaar market, some were directly transported out of Anhui province, more were transmitted through those smaller markets. Based on transporting situation at that time, there existed three types of rice exchanging and transmitting market inside our province.Rice circulation exerted great influence upon the local society of Anhui province in early modern times.The circulation of rice was closely related to the lives of peasants and landlords living in rice-producing areas. It also corresponded with the living situation and economic income of those people who took in this line of rice trade. The rice price controlled the land price in a large sense. The selling and transporting of rice occupied the majority of Anhui commercial activities. In rice-producing areas, rice trade took control of the rise and fall of local commerce.To a local government, rice circulation was the source of its financial support for construction of local public facilities, which included running school, building roads, training policemen,municipal construction, repaying debts, collecting military expenditure and other various kinds of donations and taxes. They are all collected from the trade of rice in terms of public credit. Rice circulation played an important role in the development of cities and towns of Anhui province in early modern times. It especially affected the arrangement of those cities and towns lying in the rice-producing regions. To those industries related to the circulation of rice, they were major industries in local cities and towns, where the professional commerical centers of rice came into being in the process of trade exchange.The development of those cities and towns were controlled by their local rice trade.In early modern times, natural and man-made disasters often took place. In those rice-producing provinces like Anhui, accidents related to the circulation of rice often happened, which easily triggerd off social problems and endangered social stability. That accident,Forbidding Buying Grain in Nanling took place in the second year of Emperor Xuntong’reign in Qing Dynasty was a typical example. The masses, the local government officals, the gentries and businessmen were all involved in that accident.As they had different interests, their demands and propositions varied. From that accident, it reflected the significance of grain issue in the rice-producing areas when the society of late Qing Dynasty was reduced in chaos,rice circulation of government lacked of security and social classes underwent some changes.In early modern times, the rice circulation in Anhui functioned as a tie connecting city and country, communicating domestic with foreign markets. While competing with foreign rice markets, Chinese rice market clearly showed its weakness, which can be mainly enbodied in those aspects such as the isolation between markets, circulation retarded, multi-leveled changing hands of exchange, costly expenditure; heavy taxes; belated transportation, various corrupt rules, passive selling, storage equipment incapable of meeting the market demand, poor quality of commodity, lack of market competitiveness and effective measures in regulating market. As a typical rice market in Anhui, Wuhu rice market also had those disadvantages and even worse in some aspects. In order to improve domestic rice market and promote its competitveness in dealing with foreign rice market, both political and commercial officials took active actions and adopted many improving measures. Scholars from academic community also put forward different kinds of advice on improving grain market. As the decline of rice trade in early modern times was caused by the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social reality and other complicated social matters, any efforts from single side would never get their expected results.更多还原