【作者】 陈秀娟；

【导师】 徐艳玲；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文采用多维视野的分析方法,梳理了西方学术界关于世界主义研究的理论成果,以此为基础,围绕“世界主义的复兴正在改变人们对正义、民主、国家等相关问题的分析视角,并推动了政治哲学、政治学、社会学及国际关系规范理论和国际法等传统理论的发展与转型”这一论题,展开了对世界主义与全球分配正义、世界主义与民主和世界主义与国家关系的讨论。论文由导论和七章内容构成,共分三大部分。第一部分包括导论和第一、二章内容。导论首先对选题的来源作了简要解释并对论题的研究价值和意义进行了简要归纳,指出世界主义的当代复兴无论是在理论领域还是在社会实践领域均产生了深刻影响,值得我们加以关注。除此外,导论还详尽地梳理了当前国内外世界主义的研究现状,指出尽管国内的世界主义研究还没形成较大规模,但此项研究已经起步,而且会随着越来越多的学者的加入和相关外文文献的译介、整理与研究而得到进一步扩展。第一章归纳了世界主义在当代复兴的时代背景、现实条件、历史基础与表征,指出全球化对整个世界的冲击和挑战以及由此而产生的全球不平等问题的争论是世界主义复兴的两个现实条件,而哲学史上的世界主义思想的不断沿革则是其复兴的历史基础。第二章是对世界主义的一个概念性考察。这一章首先对世界主义的内涵和本质进行了多视角解读,指出尽管目前西方理论界对“什么是世界主义”还没有一个共识性结论,但由托马斯·博格所总结的世界主义的三个关键要素得到了大多数学者的认同,并成为后来学者们探讨相关问题时的基本参照。其次是分析了世界主义与不同的立场和观点相结合所形成的几种类型,包括道德世界主义、政治世界主义、文化世界主义和经济世界主义。最后对世界主义的理论基础,包括自由主义、个人主义和普世主义进行分析和评价。在本章最后指出我们应站在马克思主义的立场上客观地、辩证地看待世界主义及其理论基础,既要看到它们在学术研究上的理论价值,同时也不能完全消弭其在社会实践上的意识形态倾向。第二部分包括的第三章至第六章构成了论文的主体内容,也是论文的骨干和核心所在。这一部分以世界主义的基本主张作为主线,考察其在政治哲学、政治学、社会学和国际关系及国际法领域内的运用与研究。因为不可能穷尽所有的观点,因而,本文只选取了较为突出且为各个领域的理论家们所重点讨论的几个议题进行分析和研究。这四个主要议题是:世界主义正义观、世界主义民主构想、世界主义社会学构想、世界公民社会构想。对这四个主要议题的批判性地探究是本文的研究价值与写作意义之所在,也可以说是本文的一个创新点。据笔者考察,从目前国内世界主义研究所取得的少量成果来看,还没有学者明确地采用这种多视角的分析方法对当代西方世界主义理论进行系统性地研究。本文将复杂的世界主义理论放置在多维视野当中,分析它的运用对理论研究和社会实践的深刻影响,从而达到对其整体性、全面性地认识和把握。本文的预期目标是填补国内学界在世界主义研究方面的空白,在一定程度上推进马克思主义政治哲学研究的拓展与深化,发掘当代马克思主义研究的新的学术生长点。第三章,“世界主义正义”观及其批判,主要是考察在政治哲学领域内世界主义如何被看作是一种立场或观点来分析全球正义的相关问题的。在这一部分中,论文基于对大量文本的解读来梳理世界主义正义观的提出、世界主义正义观的基本内容,分析它是如何看待全球分配正义问题,也考察了它所遭受到的质疑和批判及其回应,最后是本文对世界主义正义观的简要评述。第四章,“世界主义民主”构想及其批判,主要是分析政治学视野内世界主义理论的运用与研究,重点考察在政治学领域内世界主义是如何被看作一种规范或原则并被应用于分析世界新秩序的构建的。这一部分首先对由戴维·赫尔德提出的、为丹尼尔·阿吉布吉所推动的世界主义民主设想的提出背景、提出的过程、核心观点进行了系统性介绍,而后是对世界主义民主在当下遭受到的质疑与批评做了归纳,最后是本文对世界主义民主这一构想的发展趋势做了简短的评述。第五章,“世界主义社会学”构想及其批判,主要是考察在社会学领域内世界主义为什么被看作是一种分析的视角和方法论并运用于社会批判理论研究和学科发展的。在这一领域,乌尔里希·贝克是最早提出在全球化的纵深发展进程中社会学理论应从民族主义视角转向世界主义视角,并倡导用方法论的世界主义代替方法论的民族主义,再进一步提出了构建世界主义社会学的理论设想。同样,贝克的这些新观点也遭受到了质疑与批判,而贝克也及时做了回应。第六章,“世界公民社会”构想及其批判,本章着重分析了哈贝马斯的国际政治思想中的世界公民社会理论。哈贝马斯提出了民族国家将终结于“世界公民社会”的观点,将“世界公民社会”的历史意义推向了顶端。本文赞同这样一种看法,即哈贝马斯近些年对国际政治理论的研究所提出的民族国家消亡论和世界公民社会思想是在讨论一种理想的社会形态,但是即使抛开现实性不谈,仅从理论上分析,他的这种观点也是难以自圆其说的。本章通过以上探讨试图说明,世界主义虽然对民族国家及其主权观念构成了严峻的挑战,但是这种挑战仍然是有限度的。主权国家及其边界在某些方面可能在退缩,但在有些方面却正在加强。另外,本章也分析了国际关系规范理论两大传统,即世界主义与社群主义之间在国际社会主体问题上的争论。第三部分为第七章,是本文对当代西方世界主义研究的简要评价。这一部分采取的是前瞻性视角,将世界主义理论放置在全球化的动态进程中,探讨在当代复杂的时代特征下,世界主义所具有的意义和局限性以及世界主义能否实现、在多大程度上实现、实现的基础是什么等问题。这一部分的重点是从马克思主义立场和观点的角度对世界主义的未来走向及其面对的几个困局所做的归纳与评价。正如大多数人所认识的那样,世界主义目前还只能被理解为一种“乌托邦”,而乌托邦理论只是在形上层面或哲学层面探讨世界主义的可行性问题,并未从现实政治实践维度进行把握,原因是当前还没有客观条件促使世界主义走向实践领域。因而,本文认为,在当下,“走向实践”仍然只是世界主义的一个价值目标。这一部分最后指出,世界主义理想的实现还有漫长的道路要走,在目前它必须更加积极地推动全球秩序的重构和全球治理的形成并且在这一过程中不断克服自身的局限性。更多还原

【Abstract】 From different fields of view, this dissertation reviews the academic research of cosmopolitanism in the west. On this basis, around the topic "the renaissance of cosmopolitanism is changing people’s view toward justice, democracy, nation and related questions, and is promoting the development and transition of the traditional theories such as philosophy, politics, sociology and normative theory of international relations and international law", the relationship between cosmopolitanism and global distributive justice, democracy and nation is discussed respectively. This dissertation mainly concludes an introduction and seven chapters. It is divided into three parts.The first part concludes Introduction, Chapter One and Chapter Two. In the Introduction, a brief explanation of the thesis and the significance of this research project are summarized firstly. Furthermore, I point out that the renaissance of cosmopolitism has brought about profound impact in the field of theory as well as social practice. It is worth while to discussing the thesis. Besides, I review the research situation of cosmopolitanism study at home and abroad and point out that despite the small scale of cosmopolitanism research in China, research in this field has and will be expanded with the participation of more and more scholars and the translation of more related documents.In Chapter One, the realistic circumstance, social background, historical foundations and present situation of modem renaissance of cosmopolitanism are summarized. It is clearly pointed out that the impact and challenges brought about by globalization and the resultant global poverty and global inequality are the two realistic conditions for the renaissance of cosmopolitanism. The historical foundation for this renaissance is the notion of cosmopolitan citizens in the history of philosophy.Chapter Two is about the conceptual examination of cosmopolitanism. At first, the connotation and essence of cosmopolitanism is examined from various perspectives. Although there has not been any consensus about "what is cosmopolitanism" in western theoretical field, the three key factors of cosmopolitanism summarized by Thomas Pogge are well acknowledged by most of the scholars and thus become the basic reference for the later scholars to investigate in related questions. Besides, I analyze several types of cosmopolitanism which combine cosmopolitanism with other different standpoints and views such as ethical cosmopolitanism, political cosmopolitanism, cultural cosmopolitanism and economic cosmopolitanism. At last, the theoretical basis of cosmopolitanism including liberalism, individualism and universalism are analyzed and evaluated. It is pointed that we should employ Marxist stand to view cosmopolitanism and its theoretical basis objectively and dialectically. We should realize its theoretical value in academic research, but at the same time we should not ignore completely its ideological bias in social practice.The second part is made up of four chapters which are the main body and also the core of this dissertation. Around the main clue, i.e. the basic propositions of cosmopolitanism, this part talks about the application and reflection of cosmopolitanism in the fields such as political philosophy, politics, sociology, international relations and international law. As exhaustive examination of all the views is impossible, only several prominent issues which are empathetically investigated by theorists in various fields are analyzed and studied. The four major issues are: the conception of cosmopolitan justice, the conception of cosmopolitan democracy, the conception of cosmopolitan sociology and the conception of cosmopolitan society. Critical investigation of these four issues is the value of this research, the writing significance of this dissertation and also its creative point. According to the author’s investigation in the limited achievement in the study of cosmopolitanism at home, no scholar has specifically adopted this multi-view analytical method to study systematically modern cosmopolitanism theory in the west. This dissertation creatively investigates the complex cosmopolitanism theory from different views, analyzes the profound impact of its application toward theoretical research and social practice and therefore succeeds in understanding and grasping cosmopolitanism comprehensively as a whole.In Chapter Three, i.e. The conception of cosmopolitan justice and its critics, I mainly investigate how cosmopolitanism is adopted as a standpoint and view to analyze global justice and related questions in the field of political philosophy. Based on the interpretation of a large amount of documents about the conception of cosmopolitan justice, I review its putting forward, basic content, its standpoint toward global distributive justice, doubts and criticism received and its responses. At last, a brief comment of the conception of cosmopolitan justice is presented.In Chapter Four, i.e. The conception of cosmopolitan democracy and its critics, I mainly analyze the application and research of cosmopolitanism in the view of politics and investigate how cosmopolitanism, as a norm or principle, is applied in analyzing the construction of new world order. I begin with a general introduction of the proposal background, process of proposal, core propositions of the conception of cosmopolitan democracy which was put forward by David Held and further promoted by Daniele Archibugi. Then I summarize the doubts and criticism that cosmopolitan democracy received in modern times. At last, a brief comment of the development tendency of this conception is presented.In Chapter Five, i.e. The conception of cosmopolitan sociology and its critics, I mainly investigate, in the sociology field, why cosmopolitanism is considered as an analytical perspective and methodology and is applied in the research of social critical theory and the development of social courses. In this field, it is Uhrich Beck who first proposed that sociology theories should divert from the perspective of nationalism to cosmopolitanism. He advocated that methodological nationalism should be replaced by methodological cosmopolitanism and further proposed the theoretical conception of constructing cosmopolitan sociology. Similarly, these new views of Beck received doubts and criticism and Beck gave his responses in time.In Chapter Six, i.e. The conception of cosmopolitan society and its critics, I empathetically analyze Habermas’ view on international politics and his conception of cosmopolitan society. Habermas’ proposition that national state will eventually give way to "cosmopolitan society" propels the historic significance of "cosmopolitan society" toward the top. I agree with this kind of view that based on his research in theories of international politics, Habermas investigated in an ideal social formation with his theory of the extinction of national state and his views on cosmopolitan society. However, even if we don’t take its practicality into consideration, his view couldn’t be justified with theoretical analysis. With the above analysis and research, I try to illustrate that although cosmopolitanism poses a challenge to national sovereignty, this challenge is still limited. In some aspects, the sovereign state and its boundary are shrinking, while in some other they are being strengthened. Besides, I also analyze the debate about the subject of international society between the two traditions in the normative theory of international relations, i.e. cosmopolitanism and communitarianism.The third part concludes Chapter Seven, i.e. An brief comment on western contemporary cosmopolitanism. In this part a forward perspective is adopted to discuss, in the process of globalization and with the complex era characteristics, what are the significance and limitations of cosmopolitanism, whether cosmopolitanism can be realized, to what extent it can be realized and what is the foundation of its realization. The highlight in this part is my comment from the perspective of Marxism on the future tendency of cosmopolitanism and several dilemmas it faced. Just as most people recognize, cosmopolitanism can only be considered as a kind of "Utopia". We just talk about the practicality of cosmopolitanism metaphysically and philosophically and never view it from the perspective of realistic and political practice because there are no objective conditions to promote cosmopolitanism to go to practice. Therefore, I believe that, in the present time, "going toward practice" is still a value-pursuit of cosmopolitanism. At last, it is pointed that, the realization of cosmopolitanism is still a long way off. In the present time, it must play a more active role in promoting the reconstruction of world order and the formation of global governance and in this process constantly overcome its limitations.更多还原