【作者】 杨卉青；

【导师】 郭东旭；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 中国古代史， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 契约法律制度,是随着私有制的出现、商品的交换而逐步形成的,人类社会发展过程中出现了社会分工,人们就有了交换,商品交换的经济表现是市场,法律表现是契约制度,因此契约法律制度是社会生活的一个重要方面,也是民法体系的重要内容。契约法律制度在社会发展中的影响和作用也是不容忽视的。宋代采用了“不抑兼并”,“不立田制”的土地政策,允许土地自由买卖,土地作为商品进入商品流通领域。在农村采用封建租佃制代替了过去的封建庄园农奴制,佃农成为国家的编户齐民,租佃关系的建立是通过租佃契约而设立的,在租佃制下,佃农对地主的人身关系有所松弛,激发了劳动者的积极性,农业生产得到恢复和发展,农业的发展促进了手工业、商业的发展。宋代政府调整了商业政策,宋代的商品经济发展起来,商品交易的增多促使商事契约有了发展。宋代矿冶业、手工业大量采用雇佣形式,使得雇佣契约广泛应用。在宋代,无论在农业、手工业和服务业中,契约关系都成为一种最普遍和最重要的社会关系。契约的广泛运用,又推进了契约种类的增多,常见的如买卖契约、典当契约、借贷契约、雇佣契约、租赁契约等。适应这些变化,宋代调整民事关系的法律规范也得到丰富和发展,特别是对财产私有的保护和规范交易之规则明确、详备,宋代的契约法律制度也有了发展,形成了独具特色的契约法律制度,如完备的担保制度、契约中介制度的确立、竞标缔约方式的出现等。宋代的契约法律制度,一方面体现了国家法律对契约关系的调整,另一方面也促进了商品经济的发展。完备的契约法律制度维护了宋代正常的社会经济活动。本文研究遵循唯物史观的方法,在其他学者的研究基础上,进一步发掘、整理、分析有关史料,对宋代契约关系及对其调整的契约法律制度进行了专题研究,重点研究了宋代契约关系产生发展变化的背景,全面总结契约的种类。客观再现了当时社会财产流转的形态,归纳了宋代政府对于契约关系的订立、履行的干预和规范。本文从以下六个方面对宋代契约进行了初步探讨：第一部分,对中国古代契约的概念和契约形式进行了梳理和论述,对比西方契约的概念以及我国现代合同法的概念。第二部分,从宋代土地制度、商品经济、民事权利主体范围、民事立法等方面的发展变化,探讨了宋代契约制度发展的社会背景。第三部分,对宋代契约的种类和各类契约适用范围进行了全面系统的总结和探讨。第四部分,从契约法的角度对宋代契约的订立原则、形式规范、履行和消灭的规定,进行了比较深入的研究,展现出宋代契约制度的完备。第五部分,对宋代契约制度中具有时代特色的制度,如竞标缔约制度、担保制度以及商品交换中的中介牙人制度进行了专门的研究。第六部分,对宋代发达的契约制度为什么走向了衰落,进行了反思,同时探讨了宋代契约法律制度对于完善我国现代合同法的启迪和借鉴意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The contract law system has gradually come into being with the emergence of private ownership and the exchange of commodities. During the development of human society, the emergence of social division of labor led to the exchange of commodities, whose economic manifestation is the market and whose legal manifestation is the contract. Therefore, the contract law constitutes an important part in both social life and the civil law system. Its function in the development of society is in no sense negligible.The Song Dynasty adopted the land policy of un-restrained annexation and private land ownership, which allowed the free trade of land, making land a kind of commodity in circulation. In the village, the feudalistic tenancy system replaced the manorial slave system, and villains became state registered peasant. The tenantship was based on the tenancy bond, in which the tenantry was guaranteed and motivated by personal freedom. Thus, agriculture got recovered and developed, which expedited commerce and handicraft industry. The Song government adjusted its commercial policy to encourage commodity economy. The development in commodity trading led to the development in business contract. During the Song Dynasty, the mining and metallurgical industry and handicraft industry adopted employment, and this put the employment contract into wide use. In this period, contractual relationship became the most popular and important social relationship in land trading, handicraft, agriculture and service industry. The wide use of contract furthered the emerging of various forms of the contract. Popular ones were trade contracts, pawn contracts, loan contracts, employment contracts and lease contracts. Adapting to such changes, the Song Dynasty developed and improved also in laws and regulations which regulated civil relationship, especially in the protection of private property and standardization of trade rules which was unprecedentedly specific and detailed. The contract law system in Song Dynasty had become more mature and emerged into a system with exceptional feature. For instance, the mass adoption of contract, the bid-up contracting, etc.The contract law system in the Song Dynasty, in one way indicated the adjustment of state law on the contractual relationship, and in the other expedited the commodity economy. Those measures effectively retained the normal economic activities in the Song dynasty.Based on the research by other experts, this dissertation contributes further efforts in finding, arranging and analyzing related historical data, and undertakes to make a monographic study on the contractual relationship of the Song Dynasty and the contract law system that adjusts it, adhering to materialistic interpretation of history and systematic and scientific methodology. Emphasis is laid on the background under which the Song contractual relationship emerged, grew and changed, as well as the types of contracts together with the legal system. The dissertation objectively presents the conformation of the movement of the social properties, and sums up the Song government’s interference in and regulation of the establishment and implementation of contractual relationship.This dissertation serves as a preliminary study of Song contracts from six aspects.Part I:Going through and expounding ancient Chinese contracts, in terms of their concept and the revolution of their forms.Part II:Discussing the social causes for the advancement of the Song contractual system, through the analysis of the developments of the Song land policy, commodity economy and class structure.Part III:Comprehensively and systematically categorizing and studying the types of the Song contracts and their scopes of application.PartⅣ:Probing into the establishment, forms, implementation and termination of contracts from the perspective of Contract Law, which mirror a mature Song contractual system.Part V:Specially examining some Song contractual systems of era characteristics, such as the system of bidding and contracting, the system of guarantee and the system of intermediary within the area of commodity exchange.Part VI:Reflecting upon the advanced Song contractual system, pondering over the reasons why it didn’t get further development nor acquired completeness, but transformed and declined instead, from which modern China can draw lessons to improve her contract law system.更多还原