【作者】 刘志刚；

【导师】 郭东旭；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 中国古代史， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 担保是我国近代从西方引进的现代法律概念,我国古代用“担保”一词表示负责与责任,但没有专门成体系的民事法规。然而担保作为促进债权债务关系及时了结,防止债务纠纷的重要手段,在中国古代已普遍运用。债权担保制度既是古今同在的,也是中西相通的。以现代民法学的概念、规则和体系为理论参照去审视、梳理中国古代的担保制度,对深入理解中国古代的社会经济状况是有所帮助的。宋代商品经济的高度发展,纸币的产生和推行使金属铸币向信用货币演进；宋代政府对契约的规范化和制度化管理,保证了契约的公信力；宋代重视民事立法,其规模和高度都超过前代；宋代民众维权意识提高,在经济活动中重视对债权进行担保。这些条件促使宋代担保制度有长足的历史进步。中国古代担保方式可分为五种：质权、抵押、保证、定金和典权五种,与我国现行担保制度相比,缺少留置方式而多典权一类。中国古代在经济流转过程中,保证担保和质押担保是最常用的担保方式,也是我国历史上起源最早的担保制度,在秦汉时期这两种担保方式就已经出现了。宋代租佃制及商品经济的发展,使各社会阶层在经济活动中有平等的趋势。宋代不再鼓励唐代盛行的牵掣家资、役身折酬的债权实现方式。保证作为第三人信用担保,债权实现方式的改变也促使保证方式的改变,所以宋代民间经济关系中“保人”不再是契约中必备的条件,而是多以交易见证人的人证形式存在。宋代民事经济关系中以专业化的“牙人”群体替代了民间交易中的“保人”,牙人成为交易活动中履行担保职能的主要角色。宋朝国防形势长期比较严峻,在实行盐、茶等交引法的同时,宋政府指定交引铺作为商人与政府进行货物交易的担保人,铺户担保是宋代特有的担保方式。质押担保对于一般民众的经济往来有着重要的促进作用,是诸种担保方式中最为古老的民事债权责任方式。宋代质权担保制度中禁止以人身为质权标的,物质标的种类多种多样。在宋官府的推动下质权担保出现行业化发展的趋势,官方设立了抵当库和抵当所,寺观和私人也兴建“质库”或“长生库”。宋代动产质押借贷的普遍化、经营主体的广泛化,使宋代担保质权由一般的动产质押借贷向营业质权转变,促使典当业形成了行业。宋朝关于动产质权的法律规定,也较前朝要完善得多,并已涵盖后世典当业收当、赎当、死当三个业务程序,因而成为中国古代典质业法制走向成熟的重要发展时期。中国古代的抵押与现代抵押基本相同,即以不动产为目标,以不转移所有权为特征。但在中国古代物权法律制度中,由于缺少登记公证制度,抵押权相对而言并不发达。宋代田宅产权认证呈现凭证化的趋势,促进了两宋民间田宅买卖的盛行。宋代“抵当”属于一种抵押担保,是以民户个人私有不动产为担保进行借贷的经济关系。宋政府曾大规模推行市易抵当法,鼓励民众以土地、房屋、店铺等不动产和金银等保值财产为抵押向政府低息贷款。宋代民间抵当是借债人以不动产为债务抵押但不转移所有权的抵押借贷方式,常把借贷抵当虚立为田宅典卖关系,常常引发争议和诉讼。宋代的“倚当”就是出让不动产收益权而不转移所有权的抵押担保形式,以土地收益为债务抵押,既保障了债务人对土地的所有权和使用权,又保障了债权人的利益,“倚当”是介于非占有质与占有质之间的担保方式。典权是我国古代独有的一项民事法律制度,是以完全土地收益权为抵押的担保方式。从宋代开始,典权担保在民间开始广泛实行。宋代对典权的法定程序取得、典权的典期和回赎期、对出典人回赎权的保护、出典人与典权人各自的权利与义务、典权的消灭,都有详细的规定。宋代的典权还有很多时代局限,经过明、清两代的发展,典权成为中国封建社会后期民间盛行的债权担保方式。宋代商业信用的发展,促进了预付货款和延期付款结算方式的发展。宋代由此出现了定金担保,以粮食、茶叶、果木、花卉等产品确定的未来的收益进行抵押作为债务的担保。宋代商业活动中还存在着其他担保方式。瑕疵担保是一种法定担保,宋代沿袭了唐律中关于产品规格及质量瑕疵方面的规定。追夺担保是出卖方对其出卖物所有权、尊长处置权和亲邻优先权的保证。宋朝恩赦频繁,恩赦担保条款成为契约签订中的习惯用语。恩赦担保是中国古代买卖契约中最具特色担保方式,其实质是以预约规定的形式排除国家恩赦的效力。宋代的土地买卖契约较日耳曼法更加成熟和完备,日耳曼法中不动产的担保形式更加灵活多样；罗马法对质权和抵押权作了严格的区分,宋代不动产的交易则更多考虑不动产产权在家族内流传的连续性。宋代担保制度与其商品经济高度发展是相适应的。宋代以后,在元、明、清时期典权进一步的成熟和完善,典当成为规模化的质押借贷。但是中国古代各种债权担保方式的本质变化都已在宋代完成,而宋代以后,质押、保证和典权的担保形式在社会经济中的存在更为广泛,但其实质是量的扩展而没有质的改进。宋代的债权担保制度体系完善,形式丰富,法制完备,因而宋代是中国古代担保制度发展过程中的辉煌和高峰时期。更多还原

【Abstract】 The guarantee system is a modern legal concept which was introduced from the west. In ancient China, we use the word "guarantee" to indicate responsibility, but we did not have a system of civil laws and regulations specially. But the creditor’s rights guarantee brings to a completion, prevents dispute over obligation’s is an important system promptly as the promotion of creditor’s rights debt relations, the Chinese ancients are also safeguard the creditor’s rights through the guarantee method. The creditor’s rights guarantee system is not only the ancient and modern method, but also China and the West is interlinked. Take the modern people legal science’s concept as an example, the rule and the system referred to as the theory carefully examined, reorganize the Chinese ancient times creditor’s rights guarantee system, to understood thoroughly the Chinese ancient time social economy condition.The Song Dynasty commodity economy’s high development, the paper money production and carrying out of the metal coined money all contributed to the credit money evolution. The Song Dynasty government to the contract standardization and the institution management has guaranteed the contract letter strengthens. Song Dynasty populace Uygur power consciousness enhances takes seriously in the economic activity to the creditor’s rights carries on the guarantee. These conditions urge the Song Dynasty creditor’s rights guarantee system to have the considerable historical progress.China ancient times guaranteed system were divided into five possible kinds:the nature power, the mortgage, the guarantee, the earnest money and the standard power, compare with our country’s present guarantee system, constitute a multi-standard power kind. China ancient times in the economical circulation process, guaranteed that guarantees and pawns is the most commonly used guarantee way, is also in our country history origins the earliest guarantee system, already appeared in the Qin and Han Dynasty time The Song Dynasty tenancy system and commodity economy’s development, enables various social class to have the equal tendency in the economic activity. Song Dynasty no longer encourages the Tang Dynasty to be in vogue impedes the family capital, the service body to fold the reward the creditor’s rights to realize the way. The guarantee takes the third person of credit guarantee, the creditor’s rights realizes the way change also to urge the guarantee way the change, therefore in the Song Dynasty folk economic relationships "the guarantor" no longer is in the contract the necessary condition, but is many trades witness’s personal testimony form existence. In the Song Dynasty civil economic relationships "the middleman" the community has substituted in the folk transaction "the guarantor", the middleman becomes in the transaction activity to fulfill the guarantee function the principal role. The Song Dynasty national defense situation is quite for a long time stern, while implements the salt, the tea and so on to hand over the Yin laws, the Song government assigns the junction to direct the shop the guarantor who carries on the cargo transaction as the merchant and the government, the shop guarantee is the Song Dynasty unique guarantee way.Pawns the guarantee to have the important promoter action regarding the common populace’s economical intercourse, is Zhu Zhong guarantees in the way the most ancient civil creditor’s rights responsibility way. In the Song Dynasty nature power guarantee system forbids to take the person as the nature fasces, the material sign’s type is many and varied. The nature power guarantee presented the profession development under the Song government authorities’impetus the tendency, the official sets up has mortgaged the storehouse and mortgages to the institute, the monastery and personal also constructs "the pawnshop" or "the pawnshop". The Song Dynasty chattel mortgage lends money generalization, management main body widespread; caused the Song Dynasty guarantee nature power to transform to business nature power, urges to pawn industry to a formed profession. Song Dynasty’s movable property nature power legal rule, also compared previous dynasty must be much more perfect, and has covered the later generation to pawn industry receives, redeemed, died works as three service procedures, thus became China ancient times to mortgage industry the legal system to move toward the mature important development time.The Chinese ancient time’s mortgage take the real estate as a goal, take to shift the property rights as the characteristic. But in China ancient times in real right legal regime, because lacks the registration notary system, the mortgage is not relatively speaking developed. The Song substitute fields dwelling property right authentication presents the certificate tendency, promoted two Song folk field dwelling business’s being in vogue. Song Dynasty "mortgages" belongs to one kind of mortgage guarantee is by civilian’s house individual private real estate the economic relationships which carry on for the guarantee lends money. The Song government once massively carried out the city easily to mortgage the law, encourages the populace take land, house, shop store of value properties and so on and so on real estate and money as the mortgage to the government low-interest loan. The Song Dynasty folk mortgages is the borrowing money person but does not shift the property rights take the real estate as the debt mortgage the mortgage to lend money the way, often lends money mortgages empty stands for the field dwelling mortgages the relations, causes the dispute and the lawsuit frequently. Song Dynasty "relies on, when" sells the real estate usufruct, but does not shift the property rights the mortgage guarantee form, both has safeguarded the debtor to the land property rights and the right of use, and has safeguarded creditor’s benefit take the land income as the debt mortgage, is situated between must holds the nature with to hold between the nature.The pawn right is a civil legal regime which was in sole possession of our country’s ancient times. Taking the complete land usufruct as the mortgage guarantees way it starts from Song Dynasty, the pawn right guarantee starts in the folk widely to implement. Song Dynasty obtains the pawn right at standard time and the ransom redeem time, to the locus classics person ransom redeem power protection, the locus classics person and the pawn right person respective right and the voluntary, the pawn right elimination to the pawn right’s legal proceedings, some detailed stipulations, the pawn right becomes the credit guarantee way which was the most important way of guarantee in the later period of China feudal society.The Song Dynasty commercial credit’s development, promoted the forward payment and the deferred payment method of settling accounts development. Song Dynasty presented the earnest money guarantee from this, by the grain, the tea, the fruit tree, the flowers and plants and so on product definite future incomes will carry on the mortgage to take the debt the guarantee.In the Song Dynasty trade activity also has other guarantee way. The slight defect guarantee was one kind of statutory guarantee; Song Dynasty has followed in Tang Live about the product specification and the quality slight defect aspect stipulation. Pursues seizes the guarantee is the seller betrays the property rights, the elders and superiors right of disposal and the relatives and neighbors priority guarantee to it. The Song Dynasty special amnesty is frequent; the special amnesty warrantee clause becomes in the contract sign the colloquial phrase. The special amnesty guarantee was China ancient times in the contract note most has the characteristic guarantee way; its essence was by makes an appointment the stipulation form elimination country special amnesty potency. Song Dynasty’s land contract note compares the Germanic law to be mature and to be complete, in the Germanic law the real estate guarantee form is more flexible diversely; The Roman law confrontation power and the mortgage have done as a temporary measure the strict discrimination, the Song Dynasty real estate transaction more consideration real estate property right the continuity which spreads in the family.The Song Dynasty’s credit highly suits with its commodity economy development. After Song Dynasty, in Yuan, Ming Dynasty the pawn rights’further maturity and imperfectness, pawns into the formalization to pawn lends money. But the change essentially has completed in Song Dynasty and after Song Dynasty other guarantee form nearly at stagnant condition without significant development and change. Song Dynasty’s credit guarantee’s institutional framework is perfect, the form is rich, the laws and regulations are complete, thus Song Dynasty was China ancient times’magnificent period and the peak time.更多还原