【作者】 王恩胡；

【导师】 李录堂；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 改革以来,我国开始了向现代社会主义市场经济的转型发展。随着家庭联产承包责任制等一系列改革措施的实施,我国农村经济发生了深刻的变化,农民收入有了较大幅度的增加。但由于各种经济和非经济因素的影响,特别是由于受城市偏向的二元经济社会结构制约,农民收入增长长期滞后于城镇居民收入增幅,城乡居民收入差距逐渐拉大。农民收入水平低下,不仅影响其生活质量,而且影响到农业发展,并造成工业品市场萎缩,影响到整个国民经济协调发展。同时,城乡收入差距过大,还极有可能影响社会稳定。本文在对我国转型期农民收入增长演进过程、农民收入问题表现特征进行描述的基础上,深入研究了转型期农民收入问题形成的复杂原因,分析了我国转型期特定的二元经济社会结构对农民收入增长的影响。并在借鉴日本、中国台湾、巴西及美国等先期发展国家(地区)的经验与教训基础上,提出了消除二元社会制度排斥、推进二元经济结构转化、提高农民收入的对策建议。本文主要结构和内容安排如下:第一章导论从改革开放后我国农民收入增长状况与城乡居民收入差距的演变入手,说明论文的选题背景、研究目的和意义。回顾了国内外对转型期农民收入问题的研究,并在对现有研究分析评价基础上,确定本文的研究角度。通过对有关概念的界定,明确了研究对象和范围。根据研究目的,构思出本文研究的技术路线图和研究方法。第二章中国转型期农民收入问题研究的基础理论介绍了经济学中有关收入分配差距测度与经济发展中收入差距变动规律的研究,介绍了古典经济学、新古典经济学和新古典综合派的收入分配理论,分析其在解释我国转型期农民收入问题时的局限性,结合我国正处在工业化、城市化、市场化转型发展阶段二元经济社会结构特征,着重探讨了发展经济学、制度经济学、社会学的收入分配理论,为研究分析中国转型期的农民收入问题奠定了理论基础。第三章中国转型期农民收入增长及农民收入问题成因分析回顾了我国转型期农民收入增长演进的历史进程,分析了转型期农民收入问题的状况及特征;从农民收入的各种来源出发系统分析影响农民收入增长的因素,最后指出二元经济社会结构是导致我国转型期农民收入相对低下的根本原因,确定本文的研究视角。第四章中国转型期二元经济结构对农民增收的影响回顾了我国二元经济结构演进发展历程,分析了二元经济结构下传统部门收入、现代部门工资性收入和利润的决定规律及发展趋势,深入分析我国转型期二元经济结构对农民经营性收入、工资性收入和转移性收入增长的影响机制,并以全国31个省区2004年度截面数据及全国改革以来的时间序列数据为基础,运用计量工具,从静态和动态两个角度实证分析转型期城乡二元经济结构对农民收入增长的影响。第五章中国转型期二元社会结构对农民增收的影响回顾了我国二元社会结构的发展演进历程,分析了转型期二元社会结构下特定的农业经营制度、粮食流通制度、农村金融制度、劳动力流动制度和农村土地制度等对农民经济权利的排斥及其对农民增收的影响。深入研究了转型期城乡二元的农村公共产品供给制度、农村教育投入制度、农村社会保障制度和农业保护制度等对农民社会权利的排斥及其对农民增收的影响。第六章解决经济发展中农民收入问题的国际经验总结了日本、中国台湾和美国等先期发展国家(地区)解决经济发展中农民收入问题的成功经验,分析了巴西在解决经济发展中城乡收入差距方面的教训,为我国解决经济发展中农民收入问题提供借鉴。第七章改革二元经济社会结构促进农民持续增收的思路和对策提出了树立平等公正的社会发展理念,改革城市偏向的二元社会结构,加速二元经济结构转换,加强对弱势群体农民扶助的思路。并提出了大力发展劳动密集型产业、发展县域工业、消除劳动力市场歧视、促进劳动力转移、实行城乡教育及社会保障等公共产品供给一体化、加大政府对农业发展和农民收入的支持力度、扩大农户经营规模、保障农民的土地权利、建立农民组织等增加农民收入的对策建议。论文的可能创新之处(1)从收入来源角度系统分析了影响我国转型期农民收入增长的因素,指出二元经济社会结构是导致我国转型期农民收入相对低下的根本原因,并综合运用经济学和社会学理论,较系统地从二元经济社会结构的视角分析我国转型期农民收入问题。(2)从理论和实证两方面分析了转型期二元经济结构对农民收入增长的制约。勾画了二元经济结构制约农民收入增长的机制,指出由于二元经济结构条件下现代工业发展程度较低,大量劳动力滞留在农村,造成人均土地资源较少,农村劳动力得不到充分利用,制约农民农业经营收入增长。而农村庞大的剩余劳动力的存在,也造成了城市劳动力市场供求失衡,工资水平被严重压低。城市化水平低下,农村人口庞大,制约了农民转移性收入增长。借助31个省区截面数据及全国改革以来的时间序列数据,从静态和动态两个角度实证分析了转型期城乡二元经济结构对农民收入增长的影响。发现城乡收入差距与二元系数的回归方程的总体线性在5%水平显著,二元经济结构是引起城乡收入差距的Granger原因,二元经济结构的持续将会稳步扩大城乡收入差距。(3)分析转型期二元社会结构对农民权利的排斥及其对农民增收的影响。指出以粮食生产为中心的农业经营制度,限制了农民的经营自主权,制约了农民的选择空间;对粮食流通的限制和粮价管制损害了农民利益,制约了农业经营收入增长。失衡的农村金融制度将农村资金输往城市,影响农村地区经济发展,影响到农民金融资产收益水平。城乡分隔的二元社会结构对农村劳动力流动的限制增加了农民转移就业的成本,恶化了农民外出就业的社会环境,阻碍了农民工资性收入增长。而城乡二元化的财政税收体制使农民承担了农村教育、医疗卫生等公共产品成本,使得农民这个低收入群体承担了不公平的税费负担、享受不到充分的社会保障;使得农业这个对生态环境保护和国家经济社会稳定有重大贡献的弱质产业得不到应有的扶持和保护,减少了农民转移性收入。(4)从改革城乡分隔的二元社会结构、加速二元经济结构转换、加大对弱势群体农民扶助的思路,提出了大力发展劳动密集型产业、发展县域工业以创造更多就业机会;树立公正平等的理念,消除对农民生产经营活动的不合理限制,消除劳动力市场歧视,建立城乡统一开放竞争的劳动力市场,促进劳动力转移,加快城市化进程;充分考虑农业对环境保护和经济社会稳定的贡献,加大政府对农业和农民收入的支持力度;加速土地流转,扩大农户经营规模;改革土地征用制度,保障农民的土地权益;改革二元财税体制,实行城乡教育及社会保障等公共产品供给一体化;建立农民组织,提高农民市场谈判地位等增加农民收入的综合性对策建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the reforming and the opening-up, China has been transforming and developing into the modern socialist market economy. With the implementation of a series of reforming measures such as the household contract responsibility system, the rural economy has undergone a profound change, and the peasants’income has prominently increased. However, due to various economic and non-economic factors, especially the restriction of city-biased dual economic and social structure, the growth amplitude of peasants’income has been far lower than that of the urban residents, and then the gap between them is gradually enlarging. The lower income level of peasants not only has affected their life quality, but also has hindered the further development of agricultural, resulted in the shrinkage of industrial markets, and then influenced the coordinated development of the whole national economy. Moreover, the too large income disparity between rural and urban areas is very likely to impact the social stability.On the basis of the description about the evolution process of the peasants’income and the expressive characteristics of the income issue, this paper undergoes an in-depth study of the complex causes for the formation of the peasants’income issue, and analyzes the impacts of the special dual social and economic structure in the transitional period on the peasants’income growth. Besides, on the basis of reference from the experiences and lessones of the predate-developed countries and regions such as Japan, Taiwan, Brazil and USA, it puts forward to the countermeasures and suggestions about eliminating the exclusion of dual system, accelerating the transformation of dual-economic structure, and improving the peasants’income.Chapter I IntroductionStarting with the evolution of Chinese peasants’income growth and the income gap between the peasants and the urban residents after the reforming and the opening, this paper discusses its selected topic background and the purpose and significance of its reserch. By reviewing the domestic and foreign studies on this issue, and evaluating the current research, this paper determines its study angle. By defining of the relevant concepts, the paper makes clear its studying objects and range. According to the research purpose, the paper conceives its studying technical map and research methods. ChapterⅡThe Basic Theory on the Issue of Peasants’Income in the Transitional Period of ChinaIn this chapter , this paper firstly introduces the studies on the measurements of income distribution disparity and the rules of the changing of distribution gap in economic development. And then based on quoting the income distribution theories of the classical economics, neo-classical economics and neo-classical comprehensive economics, it analysizes their limitations on explaining Chinese peasants’income issue. Finally, combining with the feature of the dual social and ecnomic structure of China in respect of the industrialization, urbanization, and market-oriented development stage, this paper focuses on the income distribution theories of development economics, institutional economics, and sociology, which lays a theoretical foundation for this paper’research.Chapter III The Evolution and Cause Analysis of the Issue of Peasants’Income in the Transitional Period of ChinaThis chapter recalls the historical process of the growth of peasants’income in the transitional period of China, and analyzes the current situations and features of the issue. Then it systematically analyzes the factors which influence the peasants’income according to a variety of sources of peasants’income. At last, it points out that the dual economic and social structure is the foundamental reason resulting in the relatively low income of peasants, which determines the angle of this article.Chapter IV The Impact of the Dual Economic Structure in the Transitional Period of China on the Peasants’IncomeThis part reviews the development process of China’s dual economic structure, and analyzes the decisive rules and development trends of the traditional sector’s income and modern sector’s salary income and profit under the dual economic structure. Then it further discusses the influence mechanism of the structure to the growth of peasants’income from household operations, income from wages and salaries, and income from transfers. Subsequently, on the basis of the section data of 31 provinces in 2004 and the time series data since 1978, by econometric tools it carries out an empirical analysis of the impact of dual economic structure on the growth of peasants’income in the transitional period statically and dynamically.Chapter V The Impact of the Dual Social Structure in the Transitional Period of China on the Peasants’IncomeThis part first reviews the development process of the dual social structure in China, and analyzes the exclusion of the peasants’economic rights and the impact on the peasants’income increase of the special rural operating system, the food circulation system, the rural financial system, the rural labor migration system and the rural land ownership system under the dual social structure in the transitional period. Furthermore it studies the exclusion of the peasants’social rights and the impact on the peasants’income improvement of the rural public products provision system, the rural educational investment system, the social security system and the agricultural protection system.Chapter VI International Experiences of the Main Countries and Regions about Solving the IssueIn this part, the paper summarizes the successful experiences of the issue on the peasants’income in the advanced developed coutries such as Japan, Taiwan Province of China and the United States. Especially, it explains Brazil’s lessons of dealing with the income disparity of urban and rural residents in economic development, which provides a reference for China.ChapterⅦThe Thoughts and Measures on Innovating the Dual Economic and Social Structure and Promoting the Continuous Growth of Peasants’IncomeThe paper puts forward to an equal and justified social development idea of reforming the city-biased dual social structure, accelerating the transition of dual economic structure and strengthening the support to the weak“peasant”group. At last, it provides the following countermeasures and suggestions to increase peasants’income: vigorously developing the labor-intensive industries; cultivating county industries; eliminating the exclusion in the labor market; promoting the migration of labor force; practising supplying integration of public goods, such as rural and urban education and social security; enlarging the government’s supporting force to agriculture and peasants’income; expanding peasants’scale of operation; guaranteeing peasant’s land rights; establishing peasant organizations.The Possible Innovation Points of this Paper:This paper systematically analyzes the factors hindering the increase of peasants’income in the transitional period of China from the perspective of the income source. It points out that the dual economic and social structure is the foundamental reason leading to the comparatively lower income of the peasants in the transitional period of China. Futhermore, it discusses the issue from the perspective of the dual economic and social structure by the numbers.This paper further analyzes the restriction of the dual economic structure on the increase of peasants’income both by theoretic and positive methods, and sketches this restricting mechanism. It finds that under the dual economic structure, the relatively low development degree of the modern industry and the detention of the mass labourhood in the countryside have led to the shortness of the land resouce per capita, the waste of the country laborhood, and the restriction of the growth of peasants’income. At the same time, the existence of the abundant surplus rural labor causes the imbalance of the suply and demand in the urban labor market, and the excessive depression in the wage level of the uban labor. That is to say, the low level of urbanization and enormous rural population confine the increase of peasants’transfer income. On the basis of the section data of 31 provinces and the time series data since 1978, the paper explains the impact of dual economic structure on the increase of peasants’income statically and dynamically. And it finds that the coefficiency of linear regression equation is at 5% level significantly, and the dual economic structure is the Granger cause of rural and urban income difference. So the standing of the structure will steadily enlarge the gap.This paper analyzes the exclusion of the peasants’rights and the impacts on the increase of peasants’income of the dual social structure in the transitional period by the following points. The agricultural management system centering on grain production confines peasants’managerial autonomy, and limits their selection space. The restrictions on grain circulation and grains price have seriously damaged peasants’benefits and so have blocked the increase of agricultural operations income. The imbalance of the rural fanacial system transfers the country capital into the cities, and then impacts the economic development in the rural area and the earning level of peasants’financial property. The restriction of the dual social structure of urban-rural separation on the rural labor mobility rises the cost of the peasants’migration, deteriorates the social environment of peasants’outgoing for employment, and blocks the increase of peasants’wage imcome. Meantime the dual taxation system burdens the peasants with the cost of the public product of the rural region, such as education and medical health, which gives peasants, a low-income group, an unfair tax burden, excludes them from the social security system, deprives the necessary support and protection from the weak agriculture that has great contribution to ecological environment protection and state’s stability, and consequently reduces the peasants’income from transfers..From the perspective of reforming the dual social structure of urban-rural separation, accelerating the transition of the dual economic structure, and enlarging the protection to the weak“peasant”group, this paper brings up the following countermeasures and proposals: to focus on developing the labor-intensive industry and county industry to create employment opportunity; to build up an equal and justified idea, avoid unreasonable restrictions to peasants’business activities, eliminate the discrimination in the labor market, establish an urban-rural unified and opening competitive labor market, promote the migration of labor force, and expedite the process of urbanization; to adequately consider the peasants’contribution to ecological environment protection and state’s stability, and then strengthen the support and protection of government to the peasants’income and the agriculture; to accelerate land circulation and expand peasant’s scale of operation; to reform the land requisition system, and protect farms’land rights; to innovate the dual taxation system, and realize the integration of both the rural and uban education and social security; to establish the peasants’organization, and upgrade peasants’bargaining position in the market.更多还原