【作者】 李咸菊；

【导师】 曹志耘；

【作者基本信息】 北京语言大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 话语标记是口语较为突出的话语特征,是口语交际中的常用成分。话语标记在话语组织和交际互动中发挥着重要的话语功能。每一种语言都会有常用的话语标记,不同的话语标记可能有不同的使用情况和社会分布特征,对它们的研究具有重要的理论意义和实践意义。本文以语法化、衔接和连贯、语言变异等理论,在综合运用功能语言学、话语分析和社会语言学等学科理论和方法的基础上,通过分析大量真实自然的北京口语语料,得到出现频率较高的几类话语标记,在前人研究的基础上,从共时的角度出发,结合这些话语标记的来源、特征,研究它们的形成过程、出现频次、话语功能、与原有其他功能的差异、社会分布及其影响因素等,从而展示了北京口语常用话语标记的基本情况。全文共分七部分。第一章概说。重点介绍了北京口语和话语标记的研究概况及本文研究的理论依据、思路、方法、主要语料来源、选题价值及创新点。本文是基于20世纪80年代所调查的“当代北京口语语料”,侧重于研究北京日常口语话语中的常用话语标记,该研究深化了用语法化和社会语言学的理论和方法研究北京口语和话语标记的力度。第二章话语标记的界定。本章梳理了以往研究中出现的话语标记名称,详细讨论了话语标记的主要特征,结合180名被试的北京日常口语话语,按各话语标记出现总频次的多少,确定了“嗯”“啊”“哎”“呃”“这个”“那个”“是不是”“是吧”“然后”“完了”“回头”等话语标记作为研究范围和对象。第三章话语标记“嗯”“啊”“哎”“呃”。本章辨别区分了北京口语中的“嗯”“啊”“哎”“呃”,进一步考察了话语标记“嗯”“啊”“哎”“呃”的主要功能和社会分布特征。首先,区分了作为话语标记和作为叹词的“嗯”“啊”“哎”“呃”。话语标记“嗯”“啊”“哎”“呃”在语音上往往表现为弱化、轻声或拖音,语调多为低平、低降,语调对其话语功能的发挥影响不显著。其次,描写了话语标记“嗯”“啊”“哎”“呃”的主要功能及其差异。它们的功能主要表现在占据“话语真空”、实现话语间的停顿或拖延、为说话人赢得思考时间、预设话语的开始、标示话语修正、确认话语信息等方面。最后,考察了话语标记“嗯”“啊”“哎”“呃”各自的社会分布。话语标记“嗯”与“啊”“哎”“呃”几乎处于互补的社会分布状态,汉族、青年、女性、高等文化水平、脑力劳动者和学生等更倾向于使用正规的或接近于标准语语音的话语标记“嗯”。而分属其他民族或久居北京的老年被试,尤其是老年男性,更多地使用旧、土的语音形式,如“哎”“呃”。话语标记“啊”受年龄因素的影响比较大,在使用频次上表现为老＞中＞青。第四章话语标记“这个”“那个”。本章主要考察了北京口语中共存的“这个”“那个”的性质、虚化过程及虚化为话语标记后的主要功能、使用情况及社会分布规律。首先,对口语中共现的指代词和话语标记“这个”“那个”进行了区分。指出作为话语标记的“这个”“那个”在话语中相对独立,位置自由,前后有停顿,可以省略,词汇意义虚化,不发挥指代功能。其虚化主要是由于所在的话语语境变化,指示作用变得不显著,意义和功能逐渐弱化、消失,句法位置变得不重要,再加上高频率反复使用造成的。其次,详细谈论了话语标记“这个”“那个”的主要功能及其差异。“这个”“那个”可以标示交际活动或新话题的开始;占据话语时间,供说话人思考;解释说明之前的话题,为之后话题“找话”“找词”;通过自身的照应和重复,衔接前后话语、调整话语次序。最后,考察了话语标记“这个”“那个”的社会分布。“这个”的使用频次表现为:男＞女;老＞中＞青;脑力劳动者＞体力劳动者＞学生。“那个”的社会分布和“这个”基本是对立的,表现为:女＞男;青＞中＞老。“这个”“那个”社会分布上的差异与他们自身功能的差异有关。第五章话语标记“是不是”“是吧”.本章探讨了“是不是”“是吧”所在疑问结构模式和所带疑问程度的变化,分析了“是不是”“是吧”虚化为话语标记的过程,描写了作为话语标记的“是不是”“是吧”的主要功能和社会分布情况。首先,探讨了“是不是”“是吧”虚化为话语标记的过程和原因。“是不是”疑问功能由强到弱到无,形式上虚化为话语标记的连续链式的变化实际上与自身在疑问结构模式中的句法位置的改变、句法语义指向的变化密切相关。“是吧”的虚化则主要因“是+吧”重新分析、结构凝固而来的,也与语气词“吧”语气功能的虚化与所在语境的变化不无关系。其次,描写了话语标记“是不是”“是吧”的主要功能及其差异。话语标记“是不是”“是吧”体现了说话者对自我和听话者的关注,是实现言语交际的一种礼貌策略。最后,考察了话语标记“是不是”“是吧”的社会分布情况。久居北京的中老年男性被试使用该话语标记最多,青年女性和学生被试使用该话语标记少,说明久居北京的中老年人比较注重交际策略,青年和学生则注重组织话语内容本身,对交际策略方面的考虑还不够。第六章话语标记“然后”“完了”“回头”。本章在介绍“然后”“完了”“回头”以往研究的基础上,分别探讨了“然后”“完了”“回头”在口语中不同性质的共存形式、各自的虚化过程,进一步描写了作为话语标记时的主要功能和社会分布情况。首先,通过分析“然后”“完了”“回头”语音的弱化、词义的引申变化、句法位置及组合功能的改变等,探讨了它们虚化为话语标记的过程。其次,描写话语标记“然后”“完了”“回头”的主要功能及其差异。认为它们最强大的功能是充当话语的衔接手段,实现话语间的连贯。最后,考察话语标记“然后”“完了”“回头”的社会分布。中青年、高等文化程度、脑力劳动者或学生被试倾向于更多地使用“然后”。“完了”“回头”除了受老年被试多青睐外,有时高频率地出现因个体因素的影响较大。结语。首先对研究的北京口语独白中常用话语标记作了简单回顾;举例介绍了北京口语中的其他话语标记,尤其是对话中常用的话语标记;探讨了口语中话语标记存在的原因和影响话语标记使用的其他因素;最后指出本文研究的创新之处和有待改进的地方。更多还原

【Abstract】 Discourse markers are one of the characters and forms in oral discourse.They are widely used in our daily life,and play an important role in the oral communication.Discourse markers have many pragmatic functions and discourse functions,so they can make the oral vivid and natural.Each language has its discourse markers in common use,and these discourse markers have different use frequency and social distribution.Therefore,researching the discourse markers bears both theoretic and practical significance.This paper describes and analyzes the discourse markers in common use of Beijing utterance materials,based on the theories,which are coherence and cohesion,grammaticalizatlon,linguistic variation theory,contemporarily also synthetically used theories and methods of functional linguistics,descriptive linguistics and social linguistics, etc.This thesis also analyzes the origins,properties,grammaticalization,functions,frequency, social distribution of these discourse markers in real time are showed,after summing up the former research results.The whole paper is consisted of seven parts.Chapter one is the generality.It mainly focuses on the survey of former research of the Beijing dialect and the discourse markers,and then introduces the source of linguistic materials, research methods and theory foundations of this paper.Chapter two is about the definition of discourse markers.We review the former definition of discourse markers,and analyze the properties and frequency of discourse markers in Beijing utterance materials.We mainly discuss the discourse markers,which are "n(嗯)" "a(啊)" "ai(哎)""e(呃)""zhege(这个)""nage(那个)""shibushi(是不是)""shiba(是吧)""ranhou(然后)""wanle(完了)""huitou(回头)".Chapter three is about the discourse markers "n(嗯)""a(啊)""ai(哎)""e(呃)".In this chapter,we distinguish and describe the functions of discourse markers in details and analyze their social distribution in different speech communities.First of all,we distinguish the differences of "n(嗯)""a(啊)""ai(哎)""e(呃)",when they are interjection or discourse markers.Usually,as a discourse marker,its phonetic is week,its intonation is low.Discourse marker is not same as the interjection,because its intonation usually does not influence its functions.Secondly,we describe the main functions and differences of the four discourse markers.When they are in oral monologue,they can hold the speech time,provide the thinking time,as the symbol of the speech beginning,stopping and dragging,revision,confirmation,and so on.At last,using the statistical methods,we concretely analyze the social distribution of "n(嗯)" "a(啊)""ai(哎)""e(呃)".They are supplementary or opposite between "n(嗯)"and "a(啊)" "ai(哎)""e(呃)".The Han Nationality, the young,the female,the high educator,the manual labors and the students,are more than the old, the male,the low educational level,the mental workers in using the standard or new discourse markers,such as "n(嗯)".While the other nationalities,the old men often use "ai(哎)""e(呃)".Chapter four is about the discourse markers "zhege(这个)""nage(那个)".This chapter describes their natures,functions,and the social distribution.First of all,we distinguish the differences of "zhege(这个)" and "nage(那个)",when as the demonstrative pronoun or as the discourse markers.The discourse markers are dependent on the oral communication,it has procedure meaning and pragmatic functions.Because the significance and the functions of "zhege(这个)" "nage(那个)" are week and empty they are used frequently,they become discourse markers slowly.Secondly,we describe the main functions and differences of the discourse markers "zhege(这个)" and "nage(那个)".They can hold the speech time,provide the thinking time,explain and find words or topics.They also can be the symbol of the speech beginning or context cohesion.At last,we analyze the social distribution of "zhege(这个)" "nage(那个)".The distribution of "zhege(这个)" is the male>the female;the old>the middle-aged person>the young.While the distribution of "nage(那个)" is the female>the male,the young>the middle-aged person>the old.These differences are reason from the characters and the functions of "zhege(这个)"and "nage(那个)".Chapter five is about the discourse markers "shibushi(是不是)""shiba(是吧)".This chapter researches the structures change and the functions week of the questions,then describes the functions and the social distribution.At first,we make a research the forming process of "shibushi(是不是)""shiba(是吧)" from grammatical angle.Different words or structures have different process and motivation or mechanism of grammaticalization.The basic causes are:high frequency and the changes of discourse mode,the position in sentence structure,context,ect. Second,we describe the main functions and differences "shibushi(是不是)""shiba(是吧)".When they are in oral monologue,they are one of the tactics of oral communication.Last,we analyze the social distribution of "shibushi(是不是)""shiba(是吧)".We find the old men like use them, while the female and the students nearly not use them.Chapter six is about the discourse markers "ranhou(然后)""wanle(完了)"huitou(回头)".First,we distinguish the differences of discourse markers and their same forms,and research their forming process from grammatical angle.Second,we describe their main functions: discourse organization,context adaptability and context cohesion.Last,The young,the female,the high educational level,the manual labors and the students use more "ranhou(然后)".While the old,the low educational level,the mental workers use "wanle(完了)"huitou(回头)".The last part is the concluding remarks.Here reviews the research of this paper,and introduces many other discourse markers in the conversation of Beijing utterance materials.It also explains the causes of discourse markers’ existence,and put forward some questions.At the end, we summarize the new ideas and the shortcomings of this paper.更多还原