【作者】 高岗；

【导师】 姚云峰；

【作者基本信息】 内蒙古农业大学 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 随着社会经济的快速发展,水资源紧缺的问题越来越突出,有效的保护水资源是当前重要的生态任务之一。森林作为生态系统的生产者,在水源涵养方面起着重要的作用。然而,当前大多数人工林结构单一,难以起到高效发挥森林水源涵养的功能。为此,需要对以水源涵养为目标的人工林分进行结构调整,使其有效地发挥高水源涵养的功效。本文以赤峰市敖汉旗大五家流域境内人工林为研究对象,从影响水源涵养功能的因素入手,着重讨论了林分结构、土壤结构等方面对水源涵养功能的影响,并对流域内各种森林植被类型水源涵养功能进行综合评价。同时,本着操作性强、科学性高的原则筛选出影响水源涵养功能发挥的林分外在表现因子和辅助因子,针对流域及流域周边森林水源涵养功能林分的特点提出低功能林的概念、界定标准和定向更新技术措施;尝试用干扰指数来定量描述林分结构,提出了该流域内发挥水源涵养功能人工林的目标林分结构;运用层次分析法探讨了各种森林类型合理面积的配置和以水源涵养为目标区域森林覆被率的发展目标,提出了调整建议和目标结构。研究结果主要有以下几方面:(1)运用邻体干扰模型研究小叶杨(Populus simonii)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)等林分结构得到,林分干扰指数与林木的胸径、树高和树冠面积呈负相关关系,而与林木的高径比呈正相关关系;确定了林分类型在特定条件下的邻体干扰半径,即丘陵小叶杨柠条(Caragana microphylla)混交林、浅山小叶杨纯林、平原小叶杨林带杨树邻体影响半径分别为3m、5m、6m;油松纯林邻体影响半径为5m;华北落叶松邻体影响半径为3m。(2)通过树干解析资料,对流域内主要乔木树种小叶杨、白榆(Ulmus pumila)、油松、华北落叶松的生长过程和生物量进行了研究。结果表明,各树种的树高、胸径、材积累积生长量遵循3次多项式曲线;同时各树种的生长受到一定程度的抑制,其原因除受立地环境尤其是水分因子的限制外,也与林分密度有关;小叶杨、白榆、油松、华北落叶松等树种数量成熟龄分别为14a,20a,13a,17a。(3)运用主成分分析法从枯落物层和土壤层的角度,对流域境内人工林水源涵养功能进行综合评价。结果表明,水源涵养功能量化指标变动范围为1.95～8.91,顺序依次为针阔混交林>阔叶林>针叶林>阔灌混交林>针灌混交林>灌木混交林>灌木林。针阔混交林水源涵养功能在该流域内表现较好,其次是阔叶林、针叶林、阔灌混交林、针灌混交林,桑(Morus mongolica)杏(Prunus sibirica )灌木混交林、柠条灌木纯林水源涵养功能较低。(4)通过对枯落物层、土壤层涵蓄水分因子与林分表现因子典型相关分析。结果表明,8种森林植被类型14项林分表现因子对涵蓄水分因子典型相关性均较大,其中关系最密切、影响最大的为树高、胸径、公顷蓄积量、年蓄积生长量、郁闭度、地被物盖度、下木盖度、群落结构等8项因子,依此可运于划分森林植被水源涵养功能高低的林分指标因子。(5)通过主成分分析、聚类分析、贝叶斯判别分析、典型判别分析等方法分别对不同树种组成的森林植被类型水源涵养功能等级进行判别,并对功能等级属于第Ⅳ类的低功能林分列出划分技术参数。(6)通过层次分析法对敖汉旗以水源涵养功能为目标的森林植被类型组成进行比较评价。结果表明,树种结构组合为针阔叶林21.78%,杨树林21.54%,油松针叶林为20.97%,山杏林12.28%,柠条林11.8%,经济林果11.63%;区域目标规划森林覆盖率为47.86%,流域规划森林覆被率为69%。(7)通过综合效果测度对研究区主要乔木树种、灌木树种、混交树种的适宜性进行评价。结果表明,10种乔木树种达到适生要求,其中杨树和榆树表现出较广的适生范围,其次是柳树、油松成为当地荒山荒坡生态治理的主栽树种;灌木树种在该地区适生性较强,其中山杏表现出较广的适生范围,其次是沙棘、柠条、杨柴;乔木树种混交中,阔叶树混交对立地条件要求严格,针阔叶树种混交表现出强的适宜性、其次是乔灌混交。(8)根据低功能林分布的特点、立地条件和所处的龄级等,在近自然理论和森林健康理论的指导下,经过调查、规划、改造等步骤稳步推进杨树、油松、华北落叶松和灌木低功能林分的更新技术,提出了各种林分更新改造模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Water shortage problems are becoming increasingly prominent with the rapid socio-economic development,therefore,it is an important ecological task to effectively protect water resources. As a producer in ecosystem, forest plays an important role in water conservation. However,it is difficult fore most plantations to be active in water-conserving as they are single structured currently. For this reason,it is necessary to adjust the structures of water-conserving plantations.In this paper,research on plantations in Dawujia watershed of aohan County,Chifeng City were set about from the perspective of factors influencing water-conserving function. It makes discussion of how forest and soil structures influence water conservation function,and comprehensively evaluates that of various vegetation types. At the same time, in line with operable and scientific principles, it screenes out extrinsic factors and cofactors that influence water conservation function,and puts forward the concept of low-functional forest, as well as its defining standards and targeted updates technical measures;the paper also tries to quantitatively describe the stand structure with interfere index, and proposes target stand structure;in addition,it makes discussion of reasonable area allocation of different forest types as well as target forest coverage in water-conserving areas, the paper also gives advices in adjusting and target structure. The results are as follows:(1) Using of neighborhood interference model to research Populus simonii, pinus tabulaeformis,Larix principis-rapprectii and other forest structure,standing forest interference index and trees DBH, tree height and crown area were negatively correlated, while, compared with ratio of height to diameter were positive correlation; identified forest types under specific conditions of the neighborhood interference radius, that is, Populus simonii mixed caragana microphylla in hills, pure Populus simonii forest in mountain, Populus simonii forest in plains neighborhood radius of influence, respectively 3m,5m,6m; pure Pinus tabulaeformis forest neighborhood radius of influence for the 5m; Larix principis-rupprechtii neighborhood influence was 3m.(2) Through the stem analysis data, convection within the main tree species Populus simonii, Ulmus pumila,Pinus tabulaeformis and Larix principis-rupprechtii in north China’s growth process and biomass were studied. The results showed that all species of the tree height, diameter at breast height, timber volume growth has accumulated follows three times multinomial; the same time, the growth of various tree species subject to a certain degree of inhibition, the reason being subject to the environment,particularly water factor,the stand density was related too; Populus simonii, Ulmus pumila,Pinus tabulaeformis and Larix principis-rupprechtii and other trees in north China the number of mature age, respectively 14a, 20a, 13a, 17a.(3) Using of principal component analysis from the point of litter layer and soil layer, overall merit the River Plantation in a comprehensive evaluation of water conservation function. The results show that quantitative indicators of water conservation function variation range of 1.95~8.91, in order for the mixed broadleaf-conifer forest> broad leaved forest>coniferous forest>mixed broadleaf-shrub forest>mixed conifer-shrub forest>mixed shrub forest>shrub forest. Conifer-water conservation function better in the mixed broadleaf-conifer forest, followed by broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, mixed forest of broad irrigation, mixed forest of needle irrigation, mixed mulberry apricot shrub forest, shrub Caragana microphylla water conservation function was low.(4) Through typical correlation analysis with the litter layer, soil sluice factors and stand gauge factors. the results showed that 8 stands of forest vegetation types in the performance of 14 water factors on the water conservation function related factors were more typical, where the greatest impact most closely related to tree height, diameter at breast height, hectare accumulation, the annual volume growth volume, closed-degree, ground litter cover, under coverage, community structure of eight factors, and can be divided the forest vegetation on water conservation function of forest indicators of high and low factor.(5) Using principal component analysis, cluster analysis, bayes discriminant analysis, typical discriminatory analysis ,to differentiate different species composition of the water conservation function of forest vegetation types, and functional category of low-function standⅣinto technical parameters are listed.(6) Through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)for target water conservation function of forest vegetation types to conduct a comparative evaluation of the composition. The results showed that combination of tree structure for the mixed broadleaf-conifer forest 21.78%, Poplars forest 21.54%, Pinus tabulaeformis forest 20.97% , Prunus sibirica 12.28%, Caragana korshinkii forest 11.8%, economic forest 11.63%;objective planning for the forest coverage is 47.86% in research area and 69% in Dawujia watershed of aohan County.(7) By measuring the main tree species,shrubs,trees,mixed species suitability evaluation combined effect of the study area. The results showed that 10 kinds of tree species to reach suitable hygiene requirements, Poplars and Ulmus pumila showed the relevance of a wider suitable range, followed by Salix flavida, Pinus tabulaeformis was main species in barren hills and slopes ecological management;shrub species in the area suitability strong,in which ansu apricot showed a wider suitable range, followed by Hedysarum mongolicum,Hippophae rhamnoidea;tree mixed broadleaf-conifer forest put up great suitability, followed by mixed trees and bushes.(8) According to the distribution of low-functional forest characteristics, land occupation condition and in which the age-class etc.,under the guidance of Near natural theory and forest health theory, after an investigation, planning, transformation and other steps to steady progress in Poplars, Pinus tabulaeformis, Larix principis-rapprectii and shrubs with low functional stands renovation technology, to raise variety of forest renewal and transformation model.更多还原