【作者】 李浩坚；

【导师】 徐本力；

【作者基本信息】 上海体育学院 ， 体育人文社会学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 在我国,射击一直是重点的运动项目。但是,射击训练理论的研究,特别是赛前训练控制理论的研究,仍不够深入,相对于目前所取得的成绩,理论研究还是处于滞后的状态。射击运动的赛前训练方面的理论研究还不成系统。本文以运动训练学、系统科学思想的自组织理论、以及脑科学和心理学的理论为理论基础,运用问卷调查和测验法,对射击项目赛前训练控制的理论进行探讨,初步构建了一系列具有实际操作意义的射击赛前中短周期训练竞技状态调控模式。以两个成功的个案对射击赛前训练竞技状态调控模式加以引证。该调控模式涵盖了横向和纵向的因素,以及上下各层次的有关因素。从而使运动训练学的基础理论落实到教练员的计划及其训练安排的实施上。本研究以系统科学与控制论的原理阐述了赛前训练的控制原理,并从脑潜能的角度,采用了目前国内先进的α波结构分析技术,运用“高级运动训练状态监控仪”,对国家队和广东队多名世界级运动员进行了测量,得出的结论是:1、射击运动是属于智能重于体能的项目,人脑潜能的开发在射击训练方面有着重要的作用,是提高水平的关键,要在比赛中创造出好的成绩,必须开展智能竞技能力的训练。本研究运用《学乐先脑状态调控仪》的测试结果表明:使用《学乐先脑状态调控仪》比不使用《学乐先脑状态调控仪》对提高优秀射击运动员心智能力(注意力和手眼协调能力)有更好的促进作用。说明可调动射手大脑α波有规律的形成与仪器同步,从而使射手提高入静与专注能力水平。在使用《学乐先脑状态调控仪》调控后的5分钟和10分钟进行射击,其运动成绩提高明显。表明《学乐先脑状态调控仪》可应用于射击赛前训练中的脑功能状态调节。2、采用“高级运动训练状态监控仪”,进行了训练监控和评定的测试,一定程度确立了运动员脑α波活动特点与运动员训练适应能力之间的对应关系。测试结果表明:我国奥运射击选手脑控制水平偏向认知型,具有明显的专项特点。表明运动员的脑α波类型分析可用于运动员竞技状态预报、运动员训练适应趋势分析、运动训练计划合理性分析等。3、射击的赛前训练的时间节奏具有专项的特点。本研究调查结果表明:中短期的赛前训练阶段应以30天左右(4～6周)为最适宜。射击优秀运动员最佳状态的最高水平约能保持一周左右时间。射击项目需要提前5～6抵达比赛地点进行适应。4、.中短期赛前训练阶段最佳负荷调控模式的调查结果表明:大负荷强度训练中,大部分教练员更注重以强度为主,达到量和强度均衡安排的模式。射击项目赛前训练应突出强度为主。最大负荷小周期的时间应安排在强化训练阶段。5、调查结果还表明,射击项目在大赛前的中短期赛前训练阶段将参加3～4次的不同等级的热身赛。高强度热身赛应该安排在赛前强化训练阶段的强度强化周。6、本研究根据系统科学原理确立了射击训练立体化训练控制的基本理论,并依据这些基本原理和现代运动训练学原理,并通过对国家和地方高级教练员的调查,逐步构建了一套射击运动员中短期赛前立体训练计划的框架结构模式,两个国家和地方射击优秀运动员中短期立体训练计划的范例在一定程度上表达了射击赛前训练中的最佳竞技状态调控模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Shooting has been one of the key sport in China. But the study on theory of shooting training, especially the theory of pre-competition training control, hasn’t been profoundly made in shooting circles, and the theoretical study of shooting comparatively lags the achievements obtained by Chinese shooters up to now. In particular, the theoretical study of pre-competition training in shooting has not yet become systematic. The present dissertation tends to probe the theory of pre-competition training control for the shooting events, applying sports trainology, theory of self-organization in systematic-scientific ideology and theory of psychology in brain science. At the same time, the theory of systematic engineering is used to guide the training rules. On the basis of investigation by questionnaire and experimental research, a series of stereoscopic models with practical operatively which control pre-competition training of middle and short periods are tentatively constructed and the general model for controlling the pre-competition training of middle and short periods is built up as well. In the dissertation, two successful cases are quoted to support the stereoscopic model for controlling the pre-competition training which covers the horizontal and vertical factors, as well as the related factors in various levels. Therefore, the basic theory of sports trainology can be really applied to coaches’training programs and implementation of training arrangements.The dissertation elaborates the principles of controlling theory of pre-competition training with the principle of systems theory and cybernetics. In the study of athletes’competitive condition, the analysis technology ofα-wave structure which is advanced in China at present and the“Monitor Instrument of Top Sports Training Condition”are used to measure several world-level shooters in the national Shooting team and the Guangdong Shooting team. The results show:1. Shooting is more of an intellective sport than physical. The development of human brain potential plays a leading role in shooting trainings as well as in performance improvement. To obtain a good performance in shooting competition, we must apply training of intellectual athletic capability. The comparative experiments made by using《Brain Wave Instrument》and not using《Brain Wave Instrument》in this dissertation shows that《Brain Wave Instrument》can help to improve the psychological and intellective capability (concentration and coordination of eyes and hands) of supernal shooters. The experiment shows that shooter’sα-wave in their brains can be regulated into same pace with the instrument, which leads shooters into highly concentration and stability quickly. Shooting scores increase dramatically after using《Brain Wave Instrument》for 5 to 10 minutes. This proves that the《Brain Wave Instrument》are applicable brain function adjustment in pre-competition training.2. The experiment uses Advanced Sports Training Status Monitor to inspect trainingmonitoring and evaluation, set up a correspondence relationship of shooter brains’α-wave activities and training regulating capability of shooters. Testing result indicate that brain control level of Olympic athletes of our country tends to be cognition type with characteristic of specialty obviously.α-wave type analysis of shooters’brain can apply to athletic status forecast, shooters’training adaptation tendency analysis, reasonable training planning analysis, etc.3. Time rhythm of shooting pre-competition training possesses specialty characteristics. Survey in this dissertation shows that appropriate period of middle and short term pre-competition training should be about 30 days (4~6 weeks). The optimization status of good shooter can last for about one week. For shooting sport, athletes should arrive at competition spot 5 or 6 days in advance.4. The investigation of optimization load regulating model for short and middle term pre-competition training proves that in heavy load intensity training, most of coaches stress on intensity to achieve a balance of volume and intensity. Pre-competition training of shooting should give priority to intensity. Large load and short cycle period should be arranged in intensity training stage.5. The investigation also shows that it’s better for shooters to attend 3 to 4 times of warm-up competition in different level in short and middle term pre-competition stage before final competition, which needs 6 to 8 days. Intensities warm-up competition should be arranged in intensity week of pre-competition intensity training.6. This dissertation builds up a frame model of stereoscopic training for middle and short term pre-competition training program based on investigation and principle of training theory. Examples of middle and short term stereoscopic training programs of national and local excellent shooters put forward in some degree the Regulating and Controlling Model of the best athletic status of pre-competition training.更多还原