【作者】 李静；

【导师】 田麦久；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 准确把握运动训练的核心问题“练什么,练多少”,是科学组织运动训练最基本的前提。足球运动员在场上有不同的位置和分工,在比赛中完成比赛负荷的方式和大小也具有个性化特征,因此,在比赛中的体能需求具有明显的位置特征。从细节上把握不同位置足球运动员的体能特征,才能从实战出发,科学地组织和实施运动员的体能训练。本文以不同位置球员的个性化体能需求为切入点,采用文献研究、专家访谈、问卷调查、逻辑分析、数理统计、录像解析等方法,得到以下结论:(1)位置体能是指球类集体项目不同位置的队员在先天遗传的基础上,以专项位置竞技能力为导向,在比赛和训练中获得和表现出来的独有的与其它位置队员不同的形态、机能、素质三个方面的特征,以及这三种要素间不同组合表现形式,具有特异性、互补性、目的性、多元性、层次性特征。(2)在专家访谈和专家问卷的基础上,运用因子分析法,主成份分析法,灰色系统理论的灰色关联度分析法构建的不同位置足球运动员的体能结构模型,为不同位置足球运动员的科学选材、运动训练和体能评价诊断提供了相应的理论依据。(3)不同位置的足球运动员具有若干不同的体能结构特征前锋的体能结构特征为:形态方面要求身材高大、壮实;运动机能方面要求在具备良好的有氧能力基础上,同时具备以ATP-CP无氧代谢供能系统为关键的无氧能力;运动素质方面要求以速度、灵敏为核心。前卫的体能结构特征为:形态方面要求适宜的身体充实度;运动机能方面要求具备良好的有氧供能能力;在运动素质方面,以速度耐力、灵敏为核心。后卫的体能结构特征为:形态方面要求身材高大强壮;运动机能方面以有氧能力为基础、无氧能力为关键;运动素质方面要求以速度、力量为核心。(4)足球运动员的位置体能受到体能系统内外多元要素的影响。位置体能系统内部的构成要素:形态、机能和素质之间相互依存、相互影响和相互制约,彼此之间以形式多样的组合结构和非线性作用通过系统的有机整合表现出不同的体能结构和表现形式。同时,位置体能也受到位置技术、位置战术和位置运动智能的影响和制约。(5)跑动能力是足球运动员最基本的参赛能力,是足球专项体能的核心表现。本文研究表明,我国当前优秀女足运动员在比赛中的跑动距离比以往参加国内女足赛事队员的跑动距离有了明显的提高,高强度的奔跑距离也呈现出上升的趋势,并且与比赛的结果高度相关。(6)足球运动员的比赛体能具有明显的位置特征,不同强度的跑动距离各不相同,一些强度的跑动距离具有显著性差异。鉴于运动员的体能结构具有明显的位置需求,教练员在进行体能训练时,必须从实战出发,科学合理地组织和实施有针对性的个性化训练、评价和诊断,才能提高运动员的位置体能水平。更多还原

【Abstract】 One of the core issues about Sport training is "practicing what ,how training", which is the most fundamental precondition of scientifically organizing sports training. To football players,not only different positions and roles but also the modes and size of finishing competition load in the competition are evident personalized. So, to soccer players, the physical fitness demands of different positions have obvious characteristics of the positions. Only grasping physical fitness characteristics of different positions in details,can we scientifically organize and implement physical fitness training based on actual competition.In this paper,the author using the methods of literature research,expert interview, questionnaires,logic analysis,mathematical statistics, video analysis, the author drew the following main conclusions based on the viewpoint that different position players have personalized physical fitness demands.1. Position Physical Fitness is a kind of sport ability that different Positions players of collective group performed in competitions and training to finish specific position load. Position Physical Fitness is a functional system,which have the characteristics of specialness inter-complementarity, intent,multi-quality and hiberarchy ,that is made of different Positions roles’ specific body shape, function and sport physical conditions ,according to a specific structure.2. Based on experts interviews and experts questionnaires,using the methods of factor analysis ,principal component analysis grey system Correlation analysis,the author build the mode of Physical Fitness structure about different positions football players and provide the corresponding theoretical basis for Physical Fitness training,selection, diagnosis of different positions football players.3. Different position player has many different characteristicsStriker’s Physical Fitness structure characteristics are big and strong body shape,the key anaerobic metabolism based on good aerobic capacity in sports function,and speed and agileness as the core of sport physical conditions;Halfback’s Physical Fitness structure characteristics are fitting enriched body in body shape, good aerobic capacity in sports function,as well as speed endurance and agileness as the core of sport physical conditions; Back’s Physical Fitness structure characteristics are high and strong body in body shape, anaerobic capacity as the key part and good aerobic capacity as foundation in sports function,as well as speed and strength as the core of sport physical conditions.4. As a important constitutes of position physical ability system of position athletics ability subsystems, system internal integrant part position,the shape, the position function and the position quality depend on each other mutually, the mutual influence and restricts mutually, each other displays the different physical ability structure and the manifestation by various built-up section and the misalignment function through system’s whole emergence. At the same time, the position physical ability also receives the position technology, tactical and the intelligence influence and the restriction, therefore, to enhance football player’s position physical ability we must control the outside tsystem and system’s influencing factor,through conforms to actual combat’s technologizing and the tactic physical ability training to raise athlete’s position physical ability level.5. Runnding ability is the most basic participation ability and the core performance for football player. This article studies indicated that Chiana outstanding women’s football athletes running ability to move compared to formerly the domestic women’s football sports event member the distance to have the distinct enhancement, high strength ran is away from also presents the rise the tendency, and was highly related with competition’s result. This kind of real-time competition environment’s change, (moves distance and different moving distance’s intensity high strength moving increases particularly from proportion) has the obvious influence to the athlete athletics ability structure system. This kind of influence definitely to athlete’s non-physical ability essential factor, (technology, tactic, psychology) will set the new request, only then athlete’s non-physical ability factor can adapt with competition’s real-time environment, the athlete could display the high athletics level in the competition, the physical ability is the key, the technique and tactics is the foundation time already arrived.6 The different position’s women’s football athlete the competition load which completes in the competition has the obvious position characteristic, east the different intensity runs is away from various, some intensities move the distance to have the significance difference, therefore has the obvious position demand to athlete’s physical ability structure. The trainer in carries on the physical ability training time must embark from the actual combat, considered the different position member physical ability the competition demand, the science reasonable carries on the target-oriented personalized training, the appraisal and the diagnosis, can raise athlete’s physical ability level.更多还原