【作者】 刘玉宝；

【导师】 张广翔；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 世界史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 1949年8月29日,苏联成功地进行了第一颗原子弹试验。此时,与美国公然使用原子弹仅有四年之隔。遍体鳞伤地从战争中走出不久的苏联何以能在如此短的时间内便完成了如此庞大的核计划?一时间,这个问题成为美国也是世界关注的焦点。是苏联窃取了美国的核情报,还是苏联确已具备了自主研发原子弹的能力和条件?本论文借助俄罗斯公开出版发行的解密档案文献,采用文献分析的研究方法,在俄罗斯本土和欧美等国已有研究的基础上,试图对该问题作出理性和客观的回答。苏联核计划的实施是一个较为复杂的历史过程,先后经历了三个阶段:第二次世界大战前的核物理基础理论研究为苏联研制原子弹奠定了科学理论基础,第二次世界大战期间核计划的酝酿和筹备为苏联研制原子弹确定了基本方向和准备了技术条件,第二次世界大战后核计划的全面实施则为苏联研制原子弹提供了组织、物质以及精神保证。苏联第一颗原子弹的成功试验是包括政治和经济体制、物质和精神条件、情报和科技实力、相应的有效措施等多重因素作用下所创造的苏联历史上的一个奇迹。更多还原

【Abstract】 On the 6th and 9th of August 1945, the two atomic bombs on Japan by the United States served as a manifesto of powerful domination and hegemony over the globe by means of weapons of mass destruction. It shattered the balance of power between the US and USSR in international politics, economy and military strength which had been constructed since the Potsdam Conference. Sensing the looming pressure and menace from the US, Stalin resolutely made up his mind to launch in an all-round way its nuclear programs in order to regain the advantage. Thus on 29 of August, 1949 the country succeeded in its first atomic test.How could USSR have accomplished such a grand plan in a matter of only four years while revitalizing the economy in the mean time? Did it steal nuclear information from the US or the country definitely had the capacity and conditions for independent development of atomic bombs? On the basis of previous studies from Russia and the US and taking an approach of literature analysis, this dissertation refers to declassified documents by the Russian authorities and presents reasonable and objective answers to the above-mentioned queries. In the meanwhile introducing this new branch will fill a void in China’s research of the Soviet history. Today the human community are plagued by the 9.11 terrorism, the Iraqi War and the nuclear problems of North Korea and Iran. By recalling the past Soviet nuclear program, examining its historical root causes, analyzing Stalin’s motives behind his national mobilization for the missile development, contemplating the decisive factors in the Soviet’s efforts to end the US nuclear monopoly and tracing the far-reaching impact of the Soviet’s grasp of the technology on the world political structure, this paper proves of great significance to enable us to get an accurate knowledge both of the past and of the present.The history of nuclear programs of USSR touches a brand new interdisciplinary field involving science, the military, politics, economy, social affairs, history, diplomatic and international relations. Considering the status in quo of Russian and Euro-American research, we find that nuclear program studies in Russia are carried out in the realm of the Soviet history and the cold war history. The history of nuclear programs of USSR started when its programs were officially approved and the break-up of the former Soviet Union marked its ending. Two versions co-exist concerning the beginning, i.e. 1942-1949 in the academic circles and 1945—1949 by the authorities. Two landmark events are the two decisions made by the Soviet defense committee on Sept. 28, 1942 and Aug. 20, 1945 respectively. As to the ending, owing to the fact that only the archives before the 1949 atomic test were open to public, relevant research can proceed no further. The definition of the Soviet nuclear program can be given either in general or specifically. In a broad sense, the program refers to the military and peaceful utilization of nuclear materials production, nuclear industrial construction, nuclear weapons development. Thus the object of research should be targeted at the historical process of the above. In a narrow sense, however, the program specifically stands for the application of nuclear energy militarily. In view of the present research situation, it especially stands for the development and test of the first atomic bomb. Therefore our study is carried out on the development and test of the first atomic bomb.Having 1918-1949 as the research period (This period may as well be referred to as the initial stage of the Soviet nuclear program, including the basic theoretical research of USSR on nuclear physics between 1918 and the outbreak of World War II, planning and preparation during the War and the all-round implementation of the program from post-war till 1949), this dissertation takes on the Soviet nuclear program in the narrow sense as the object of study and, taking an approach of literature analysis, introduces the historical process of the development and test of the first atomic bomb, gives an analysis of the decisive factors of the success and its historical significance.Throughout the Soviet nuclear program, the nuclear physics as the basic theoretical study preceding the Second World War marked the preparatory stage when a succession of research institutions were set up and the research team took shape with achievements, paving the way for carrying out the program in terms of scientific theories. Starting from scratch, the nuclear studies became integrated, departments and personnel of the academy of sciences serving as the chief players. Though involved were the People’s Ministry of Heavy Industry and that of the Chemical Industry, they did not function as the dominant force. In conclusion, the Soviet nuclear studies before World War II remained mere research on basic academic theories.The Soviet nuclear program entered a turning point during World War II. There were two transitions, one being a halt to the research due to the fact that all human, material or financial resources were devoted to the war of self-defense to fight against aggression, the other being the resumption of the nuclear program after the government’s desire was activated by the letter from Flerov, the Stalinov’s Notebook and some information about such programs in the US and Britain. At that stage more preparations were made with the resumed efforts to implement the program, which were: routine operation and administration were improved with the government taking part actively; special department for nuclear research were established, i.e. No 2 Lab; definite goals were set, i.e. to develop atomic bomb. On the basis of the above, research workers confirmed the theoretical feasibility of making atomic bomb through analysis, study and verification of a host of overseas nuclear information, clarified many technological issues in relation to the production, which provided the reason for the official post-war approval and facilitated the later full operation of the program.When World War II came to an end, the Soviet nuclear program entered into a stage of full operation. Confronted with the overwhelming threat and pressure from the bombing on Japan by the USA, Joseph Stalin approved setting up organs of policy making, execution and technical assistance. The establishment of the special committee, the first administrative bureau and technical committee on Aug. 20, 1945 was the indication that the Soviet government got involved from all aspects, upgrading it to be a the state project of supreme importance. Thus far the governing body had been set up, the chief player of the program changed from the pre-war research institution to the government so that full implementation was ensured in terms of decision making, organization, leadership and supervision. Swarms of army men, prisoners and workers joined hands and under the uniform leadership, organization, deployment and coordination of the government, together with the efforts of the No. 2 laboratory and No. 11 Design Unit, etc, they staged a grand campaign for four years and at last test-exploded in the non-conventional way the first atomic bomb on Aug.29, 1949, which successfully concluded one historical phrase of the nuclear program.The success of the country’s nuclear program within four post-war years has long been a focus of attention. Before the break-up of the former Soviet Union, America and some European countries asserted that it was due to the acquisition of information that USSR was able to build an atomic bomb on the war-torn land. Here we do not want to deny the important role of information as reference in the operation of the program. However, it must be acknowledged that the so-called Stalin Model, i.e. the administrative order and highly centralized political and economic system that was formed before the war nurtured this state program of utmost political importance. It was the leadership of the special committee headed by Stalin, of the No. 1 Administrative Bureau and of the Scientific and Technological committee that effectively ensured the execution of the supreme instructions and enabled the functioning of the state apparatus. Thanks to the highly centralized planned economy, USSR outgrew its agricultural status to rank next to the US as the second largest industrial power, which laid the solid material foundations for program launching. Thanks to the first-class research team and colossal research institution uniformly led, supervised and supported by the government, the scientific strength was given full play so that the so-called copy or imitation of the American atomic bomb was made possible. In addition, under the collective leadership of the Soviet Central Committee, political ideology education was promoted and patriotism was advocated so that the Soviet socialist ideology and the Soviet nuclear spirit was formed, providing mental motivation and enthusiasm for the nuclear program.As far as the social and historical background is concerned, the Soviet nuclear program was a great victory, a victory of the Soviet socialist system, a success of the state system of the Soviet model and a triumph of the Soviet people’s patriotic spirit. The political significance of nuclear program success far outweighs the technological one. On the one hand, the program went down in history as a measure for USSR to guard against and resist devastating attack out of opposition between the two superpowers in ideology and national interest. The successful launching of the nuclear programs not only ended the American nuclear monopoly, but also guaranteed national security and stability with military and national defensive strength. For this USSR won international renown. Meanwhile, the nuclear program promoted the advance of the Soviet science and technology, helped develop an all-new scientific field and created quite a few new industrial sectors. On the other hand, the program made history as a means adopted by the USSR when two superpowers contend with each other to achieve military and political domination in a new era over the historical trend. The Soviet success put a damper on the American ambition to dominate the world and protected the interests of the socialist community. It also contributed to the over-all cold war situation and established the international political structure for almost half a century. It is not to be forgotten, however, that it was the nuclear program that had USSR stuck in the nuclear race. As nuclear weapons multiply, consumer goods dwindle. Further operation of the program increased national defense expenditure, slowed down economic growth and consequently contributed to the socialist superpower collapse.更多还原