【作者】 李冰；

【导师】 张恩迪；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 动物生态学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 野生东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)在我国已经处于濒危的状态,但长期以来,相关研究较少。作者自2003年开始在吉林珲春国家级自然保护区开展研究及保护工作,对东北虎种群的数量,猎物种群,家畜捕食情况,人虎冲突等方面做了较为系统的研究,并提出了在该地区开展东北虎保护面临的问题以及针对性的建议。作者与吉林珲春国家级自然保护区合作开展了东北虎的初步监测,分析了2001年12月～2006年12月间保护区内东北虎的活动频次、数量和雌雄成幼比例。截至2006年底,保护区内共监测到虎的活动93次,其中有1次为幼体。对其中45次有可靠足迹记录的虎活动情况的初步判定表明,2002～2006年依次有3～7只次、10～16只次、5～9只次、4～7只次、5～7只次的东北虎在保护区及周边活动,雄性多于雌性;2003～2005年的冬季野外调查表明,可能有7只雄性东北虎在该区域活动,其中有1只为雄性亚成体。为了初步了解珲春自然保护区内猎物的情况,作者分别于2006—2007年冬天和2007—2008年冬天在东北虎活动较为频繁的区域设置了样线并应用FMP公式计算了珲春自然保护区内有蹄类的密度情况。结果显示2006—2007年冬季保护区内梅花鹿的密度为0.039/km~2,马鹿的密度为0.010/km~2,狍子的密度为0.533/km~2,野猪的密度为0.051/km~2。2007—2008年冬季保护区内梅花鹿的密度为0.049/km~2,马鹿的密度为0.097/km~2,狍子的密度为0.321/km~2,野猪的密度为0.048/km~2。结果指示珲春自然保护有蹄类密度仍然较低。作者同时比较了在珲春地区采用不同方法进行有蹄类调查的结果,并分析了各自的利弊。从2001年12月至2007年底,共计有126起,204头家养动物被虎袭击,且呈现逐年上升的趋势。家畜被袭击主要发生在每年的4—9月,没有发现明显的对家畜种的偏好。利用GIS和回归分析为工具进行的统计分析表明1)虎通常不袭击离开村庄小于1公里的家畜。2)人为干扰对家畜的被食用率和虎移动家畜尸体的行为都有显著影响。3)共计有约16,079公斤的家养动物肉被虎食用,造成损失76084美元,但家畜并非虎的主要食物来源。4)对虎袭击地点生态变量的分析表明,东向和南向有更多的家畜被袭击。5)此外,虎多在较低的海拔和坡度、较高的郁闭度,靠近村庄和河流,远离道路等区域捕食家畜。清除偷猎者下的钢丝套子以增加有蹄类的密度对于减少虎捕食家畜非常重要。此外,减少虎袭击地点的人为干扰和改善对家畜的看护也非常关键。为了减缓冲突,2004年珲春自然保护区管理局实施了虎豹伤畜补偿项目,这在该地区尚属首次。为了对补偿的效果进行评估,本研究在2004和2005年分别挑选了不同位置的9个村,在补偿项目实施前后采用问卷调查的方法询问了村民关于5个方面的问题,并于2007年作了跟踪调查。结果显示,东北虎的保护对保护区内以及周边居民的安全和收入影响有限,但虎捕食家畜有上升的趋势,并成为人虎矛盾的主因。人类活动中下套子对虎以及有蹄类都有较大的影响并可能是虎大量捕杀家畜的主要原因之一。补偿项目对于缓解村民与野生动物保护的冲突以及村民与保护区的冲突都有一定的意义,但持续性不足。家庭是否发生过虎豹伤畜事件以及保护区成立后家庭收入是否受影响这两方面与村民的保护意识表现为显著的正相关性。为了彻底解决人虎的冲突,作者建议:杜绝下套子的偷猎行为,改变畜牧方式,发展替代产业,解决部分牧场在保护区内的历史遗留问题以及把居民迁出保护区。综合以上的研究和作者在保护区开展工作的经历,得出目前在珲春保护区内,威胁东北虎的主要因素包括栖息地丧失和退化,生境破碎化,低猎物猎物密度和钢丝套子等等。作者针对这些威胁提出了建立国际走廊、制定土地利用规划等十五项保护行动建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 Amur tiger has become very endangered (Panthera tigris altaica), however there are few related researches in China. The Author carried out conservation and systematic research on tiger population, prey population, livestock depredation and human-tiger conflict in Jilin Hunchun National Nature Reserve from 2003-2008. Based on the results, she concluded problems tigers conservation work are facing and proposed suggestions accordingly.To learn more about tiger population and its trend, the Author conducted a preliminary monitoring of Amur tiger collaborated with Jilin Hunchun National Nature Reserve and analyzed tiger occurrence frequency, number, sex and age ratio according to monitoring data from December 2001 to December 2006. Until end of 2006, a total of 93 tiger occurrence has been recorded, one is cub. Footprint records show, from 2002-2006 there are 3-7, 8-14, 5-9,4-7, 5-7 times tigers appear separately, could be different individuals. From field survey in 2003-2005, there are probably 7 tigers in that area. Besides, number of male tiger is much more than number of female tiger, which might result from male tiger tends to disperse and hunt livestock.To learn situation of prey population in Hunchun Nature reserve, the author set transects in areas tiger occurred frequently in winter of 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 and calculated prey density according to FMP formula. Results show: in winter of 2006-2007, density of sika deer is 0.039/km~2, red deer 0.010/km~2, roe deer 0.533/km~2, and wild boar 0.051/km~2; in winter of 2007-2008, density of sika deer is 0.049/km~2, red deer 0.097/km~2 , roe deer 0.321/km~2 and wild boar 0.048/km~2 . The author also compares ungulate survey results with different methods in Hunchun nature reserve and analyzed their advantages and disadvantages.Sicnce establishement of the reserve, livestock loss has become a serious problem. There were 126 cases in which Amur tigers attacked 204 cattle, horses and dogs between December 2001 and 2007. From 2002-2007, livestock losses generally increased, with major increases in 2007. Livestock depredation mainly occurred between April and September. Results suggest no preference for specific domestic animals. Tigers rarely attacked livestock that were less than 1km from a village, and human disturbance affected utilization of livestock and tiger behavior associated with moving carcasses. Estimated 16,079 kg livestock meat was eaten by tigers. Attacks occurred more often on southern and eastern aspects, lower altitudes, less slope, greater canopy density, closer to villages and rivers, and farther from roads. Removal of snares in the forest and elimination of new snares is vital to increase ungulate population, which so reduce tiger dependence on livestock. Better livestock husbandry techniques and reduction of livestock within Hunchun Reserve can greatly reduce the rate of depredation by tigers. Besides, avoiding disturbance of sites where tigers have already made kills is likely to reduce rate of killing in some extent.Since livestock loss caused by tiger is increasing, human-tiger conflict was also enhanced in the reserve. In order to reduce human-tiger conflict, a compensation project was first implemented in Hunchun Nature Reserve since 2004. An evaluation was carried out before and after the compensation in nine villages with five aspects questionnaires and a follow-up survey was conducted in 2007. Results show that tiger conservation effort doesn’t affect much of the safety and income of local people, but it may cause continually increasing livestock kills and become a main problem in the conflict. Snares can kill both tiger and ungulates and might be the in direct reason of livestock loss. The compensation scheme can help to relieve conflict between local people and wildlife but the effect decreases with time. Besides, two factors had significant positive correlation with people’s conservation awareness which is whether the interviewed family has livestock loss and whether family’s income decrease after the foundation of the reserve. To solve the problem of human-tiger conflict, the authors suggest develop substitute industry and change location of farm and move villages to outside of the reserve, etc.Currently the threats Amur tiger are facing in Hunchun Nature reserve are habitat loss, deterioration and fragmentation, low prey population and snares, etc. The author proposed 15 conservation suggestions including building international corridors and producing land use plan, etc.更多还原