【作者】 苗春凤；

【导师】 陈新汉；

【作者基本信息】 上海大学 ， 社会学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 中国社会有着深厚的德治传统,树典型这一极具政治和道德色彩的活动在中国社会一直存在,形成了一种具有中国特色的社会现象,也在一定程度上满足了权威机构政治-道德运作的需要。树典型活动在漫长的历史时期发挥了重要作用,随着中国社会的全面转型,树典型活动的效果受到了一定的冲击,甚至在某些方面持续弱化,这一现象引起了社会的广泛关注。本文主要从社会评价论和符号权力理论的视角研究树典型活动,重点探讨树典型活动的作用和运作机制,分析树典型活动社会效果的变化及其原因,揭示树典型活动作为符号权力运作的实质。将树典型活动作为当代中国社会中一项社会事实进行考察,有许多问题值得探讨。其中,下面五个问题尤为重要:一是树典型活动与文化传统的关系,揭示“典型治国”的文化根源;二是树典型活动与社会变迁的历史联系,探寻其演变规律,从而“历史”地看待这种“活动”;三是树典型活动与权力的关系,权力在树典型活动中的作用与影响;四是树典型活动的运作机制,重点是树典型活动与权威机构的运作;五是树典型活动与社会治理的关系,分析社会转型期树典型活动社会效果的变化及其原因。论文主要采用文献研究法、访谈法、比较研究法和典型个案分析法对以上问题进行探讨。当代中国社会的树典型活动是对传统的继承和发展。论文把现实与传统相结合,梳理树典型活动的文化传统,追根朔源,探讨树典型活动与文化传统的关系,揭示树典型活动的文化传统与“典型治国”的文化根源。作为一种权力运作方式,树典型活动主要根源于中国传统社会的“大一统”传统、道德教化传统和义务价值观传统,同时,与传统旌表制度紧密相连。“典型中国”现象实质是中国道德化政治的直观体现,是中国德治文化传统的现实表达,也是权威机构以德治国的需要。从社会文化变迁的角度,论文对当代中国社会不同时期的树典型活动进行了梳理,包括革命战争时期、改革开放以前和改革开放时期,探讨了树典型活动与社会文化变迁的内在联系。论文从权力视角研究树典型活动,重点探讨了树典型活动在政治与社会动员、政治社会化、规训与奖惩、话语与社会记忆方面的作用,揭示了树典型活动与权力的关系,深入反思了权力在其中的地位及引起的效应。树典型活动成为社会权力的运作机制。本论文首次从社会评价论角度,并结合符号权力理论等相关理论,来解读当代中国社会的树典型活动。树典型活动是一种权威评价活动,一种基本的宣传灌输价值观的社会管理手段,是权威机构进行政治整合和社会整合的重要手段。树典型活动的成功运作也离不开民众评价活动,权威评价与民众评价有机结合才能充分发挥树典型活动的积极作用。树典型活动实质是一种权力运作机制,发挥着符号权力的作用,它把权威评价意志以典型符号的形式传播到社会中,让民众在潜移默化中接受权威机构的意志和社会主流意识形态。在树典型过程中,权威机构、典型本身和民众三方相互影响,互动的背后受利益支配。权威机构的权力运作需要借助典型符号,典型符号可以转化成典型自身所需的政治资本、经济资本和社会资本,民众则策略地(视具体情况或积极或消极)学习典型。在中国意识形态逻辑的指导下,树典型活动这一政治文化传统将会一直延续下去。随着社会转型,树典型活动的社会效果也发生了深刻的变化。学术界通常认为,改革开放以后,树典型活动的社会效果严重弱化,本论文并不简单地认同这一观点。我们认为,改革开放以后,树典型活动的社会效果虽然受到了比较严重的挑战,但不同类型的典型受到的影响有所不同,树典型活动面临着新的机遇。树典型活动的社会效果受多种因素影响,根本原因在于社会转型,而树典型活动在方式方法上的不足也值得权威机构反思。在公民社会建设的大背景下,权威机构应顺应历史潮流适时转向,树立适应未来公民社会需要的新型典型,不断改进树典型的技术,使树典型活动更有成效。更多还原

【Abstract】 There is profound tradition of“rule by virtue”in China. The activity of setting models is a kind of social phenomena with Chinese characteristics of politics and morality, and it also meets the need of political-moral operation for authoritative organizations to some extent. The activity of setting models played an important role during the long historical periods. It attracts extensive attention that its effects are impacted, and even become weakening continuously in certain aspects with the comprehensive social transition in China. In the dissertation we study the activity of setting models from the perspectives of social evaluation and symbolic power. The emphases are as follows: exploring its role and mechanism, analyzing its changes and reasons, and revealing its essence as symbolic power.There are a lot of questions to study when we investigate the activity of setting models as social facts in China. The following five are the most important among all the questions. The first is the relations between the cultural tradition and the activity of setting models, the cultural origin to“rule by models”;the second is the historical connections between the social changes and the activity of setting models, seeking its evolution law so as to evaluate it based on the specific conditions;the third is the relationship between the activity of setting models and power, the role of power and its effects;the fourth is the operation mechanism of the activity of setting models, especially the operation of authoritative organizations;the fifth is the relationship between the activity of setting models and social administration, analysis of the changes of its social effects. We mainly adopt the literature research method, interview method, comparative method and typical case analysis method in the dissertation.The activity of setting models in contemporary China is the inheritance and development of the tradition. The dissertation connects the reality and the tradition, combs the relations between the cultural tradition and the activity of setting models and reveals the cultural origin to“rule by models”. As a power operation way, the activity of setting models mainly originated from the tradition of the Great Unification, moral cultivation, and obligation values, and it also has close relations with the Jingbiao system.“Model China”embodies Chinese moralization politics essentially. It is the concrete expression to the cultural tradition of“rule by virtue”in China and it is also the need of“rule by virtue”for the authoritative organizations.From the perspective of social cultural changes, it analyzes the activities of setting models at different periods in contemporary China, including the revolutionary war period, the previous reform and opening period and the era of reform and opening, and explores the internal relationship between social cultural changes and the activity of setting models. We research it from the perspective of power, focus on discussing the functions of the activity of setting models in the aspects of the political and social mobilization, political socialization, discipline and rewards or punishment, discourse and social memory. We reveal the relations between the activity of setting models and power, the role of power and its effects. The activity of setting models becomes the operation mechanism of social power.For the first time, the dissertation interprets the activity of setting models in the contemporary China from the perspective of social evaluation and the relevant theories such as the symbolic power theory, etc. The activity of setting models is a kind of evaluating activities by authoritative organizations, a fundamental social administration method for values propaganda and inculcation, and an important integration technique to politics and society. The successful operation of the activities of setting models needs the masses evaluating activities, and the organic combination of authoritative organization’s evaluation with the masses evaluation. The activity of setting models is a kind of power operation mechanism and it plays a role as symbolic power. It propagates the authoritative organization’s evaluating will into the society by the form of model symbol, to make the masses accept the authoritative organization’s will and the social mainstream ideology imperceptibly. In the process of setting models, the authoritative organizations, models themselves and the masses interact on each other. What behind the interaction is the domination of interests. The power operation of the authoritative organizations needs the models as symbol which may transform into the political capital, economic capital or social capital for themselves, while the masses learn from the models tactful, actively or negatively as the case may be. As a kind of political cultural tradition,the activity of setting models will always continue in the guidance of Chinese ideology logic.With the social transition, the effect of setting models also has profound changes. It is considered in the academic circles that the social effects of the activity become weakening seriously after the reform and opening, but we don’t think so. In my opinion, it faces serious challenge indeed, but the influence to different models is various. It also brings new opportunities. Many factors affect its social effects, but the basic reason is the social transition. The deficiency on the way and method deserves reflection by the authoritative organizations. In the background of civil society construction, the authoritative organizations should set new types of models to meet the need of the future civil society and keep up with the trend of the history, and improve the technology for setting models to make it more effective.更多还原