【作者】 郭英玲；

【导师】 刘红旗；

【作者基本信息】 机械科学研究总院 ， 机械设计及理论， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 绿色制造是制造业可持续发展的关键途径,是我国制造业实现清洁生产、节能减排的主要技术。绿色制造技术的运行和实施离不开绿色制造评价,只有通过科学的、合理的、正确的绿色化程度评价,才能推动技术、经济和环境协调优化的绿色制造技术的发展,才能引起企业的兴趣,才有利于绿色制造技术在企业内应用实施和推广。目前,绿色制造评价仍处于初级阶段,只针对各个阶段绿色制造技术开展了一些评价工作,并且评价指标体系都不相同,还没有形成系统的绿色制造评价体系。生命周期评价方法是目前较适用于绿色制造技术评价的评价方法,但有其局限性,并没有在国内推广开来。针对这种现状,绿色制造评价的重要性,迫切需要对绿色制造评价技术方法展开系统性研究。本文结合国家科技支撑计划课题《出口机电产品国际绿色贸易壁垒应对技术及应用》(课题号:2006BAF02A22)以及国家科技支撑计划子课题《面向工程机械的典型产品生命周期评价软件及其数据资源库开发》(子课题号:2006BAF02A01-03),对绿色制造评价技术体系及其方法、关键技术进行了系统性研究。首先,在绿色制造技术体系的基础上,提出了包括总目标层、子目标层、影响要素层、评价对象层、评价方法层等结构的绿色制造评价体系框架,并针对各层进行了详细的论述分析。并在此基础上,针对产品生命周期各个阶段,结合各阶段的技术绿色度特征,提出各阶段绿色制造技术的绿色度评价指标体系,并对各指标所包含的影响因素进行了分析。针对生命周期评价方法没有在我国得以实施推广的现状,分析了其应用难点,针对这些难点,提出了简式生命周期评价方法(Simplified Life Cycle Assessment,SLCA)。并从几个主要因素详细阐述了简式生命周期评价方法的技术原则;以及针对目前我国系统性产品清单数据缺乏的现状,提出了三种数据资源获取方式,为绿色制造评价技术的实施应用的可行性提供保障。然后,在简式生命周期评价方法的基础上,借鉴环境影响评价方法、健康风险评价方法及其他综合评价方法,提出了各个阶段绿色制造技术适用的评价方法。经研究分析,绿色产品评价和绿色设计评价,应以产品系统为研究对象,以产品整个生命周期为评价范围,采用合适的评价方法进行综合评价;其他各阶段绿色技术评价则以技术为研究对象,以单个阶段为评价范围,结合评价指标体系进行综合评价。在评价指标体系和评价方法的基础上,对绿色制造评价技术的实施进行了探讨,研究了评价技术的选取原则以及评价基本步骤;对评价过程中的关键技术方法进行了研究;并开发了绿色制造评价系统原型,包括评价系统总体结构、功能模块的详细设计和软件开发。最后,将以上所研究的绿色制造评价技术方法,通过拜耳法和烧结法生产氧化铝的生产制造进行应用验证,结果表明,采用的评价模型可以客观反映技术现状,并通过评价过程和评价结果,有助于制造技术的改进和提高。更多还原

【Abstract】 Green Manufacturing (GM) is the key approach of manufacturing sustainable development and main technology of Cleaner Production and energy-saving and emission-reduction on manufacturing. The Green Manufacturing implementation and operation are unable to do without Green Manufacturing Evaluation (GME). Only through scientific, logical, correct GMA, Green Manufacturing Technologies (GMT) can be developed to realize the optimization of technique and economy and environment, to arouse enterprises interest. In this way, Green Manufacturing Technologies can be apply and promote in enterprises.At present, GMA is still in the primary development stage, some researcher have done some evaluation to GMT, which is the one stage in production life cycle. And there has no systematic GMA method. LCA is the relatively applicable assessment method to GMA, but it has some limitations and not been popularize and apply. Because of these problems and the importance of GMA, the systematic research on GMA method and technology are of great significance.Firstly, based on the Green Manufacturing technology system and frame, the Green Manufacturing Evaluation system and frame is proposed, it includes general objectives, partial objectives, impact factors, assessment objects, assessment methods, etc. And everyone of them are discussed in detail.And on the basis, combined with the technical green characteristics, the assessment indicator system of green grade for GMT is put forward, which is for every stage in life cycle. And it discusses the impact factors of every indicator.Aims at the current situation of having difficulties in life cycle assessment method implementation and popularization in China, this paper analyzes the several difficulties, and puts forward the Simplified Life Cycle Assessment(SLCA) with that. It elaborates the technical principles of SLCA from several main aspects. And especially for the difficulty of data deficiency in China, it raises three ways to obtain data, which takes benefits of Green Manufacturing Evaluation Technology implementation and application.Then, based on the SLCA method, and build on environment impact assessment (EIA) and healthy risk assessment and other synthetical evaluation methods, this paper puts forward assessment moulds for Green Manufacturing Technology in different stage. Studies has shown that green products assessment and green design assessment should take product system as study object and take all life cycle of product as assessment scope, and adopts appropriate synthetical evaluation method. And the Green Manufacturing Technologies in other stage should take technology as study object and single stage as scope.On the basis of assessment indicator system and assessment mould, this paper discusses the implementation of Green Manufacturing Evaluation Technology and the select principle of assessment methods and basic steps of assessment, and studies the key techniques and methods of assessment process. It designs a prototype system for Green Manufacturing Evaluation, analysises it’s overall structure and design proposal of functional moudle in detail, and illustrates the partial functions that have been developed.Finally, the Green Manufacturing Evaluation Technology and method are applied in the process of alumina, the results shows the assessment mould can reflect the techniques merit, and take benefits of the improvement of techniques.更多还原